What role do competing political interests play in Essay Example For Students

What job do contending political interests play in Essay the usage ofpoverty decrease policies?Poverty is an all inclusive term and destitution disposal is a widespread witticism. Neediness crushes people, social orders and countries. Neediness is hunger. Neediness is absence of safe house. It is the condition wiped out however incapable to seea specialist (Gordon et al., 2003). It is the condition which doesnt permit oneto have fundamental necessities throughout everyday life. Neediness is the state of not having ajob and no assets to live with. It brings dread of future. It is thesynonym of frailty, absence of portrayal and opportunity (Gordon etal., 2000). Destitution can hinder the general development of a general public. It cannegatively influence the advancement of the country itself. Destitution is producedby conditions, not people, (Fincher ; Wulff, 1998). Economiccrisis expands the supposed destitution part, prompting joblessness andsocial agitation. An appropriate arranging and a superior use of the availableresources of the country will reduce the neediness level to an extraordinary extent(Narayan ; Parker, 2000). Redirecting the existingresourcetothedisadvantaged individuals is the need of great importance. Each country ne eds a propergoverning position to design, achieve and quicken its development. Indeveloping nations particularly, governments and ideological groups lead theshow and attempt to carry progress to the general public and security to the economyby taking out the condemnations like destitution. The decision party and otherpolitical parties attempt to elevate the general status of the general public and godeep into the issues and complaints of the individuals to a limited degree. We will compose a custom article on What job do contending political interests play in explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Despite the fact that they do have conclusion questions and clashes among them, theycontribute a great deal for the advancement of the general public and country (especiallyrural territories where neediness is as yet an issue) (Pantazis, Gordon ; Levitas,2006). Political interests and rivalries assume a significant job in eliminatingpoverty from the countries. In the third world countriesespecially,political parties contribute a great deal for the improvement works. Politicalparties attempt to perform well during their decision residency and take variousactions for the contrarily advantaged areas of the general public. They attempt tolook into the miseries of the individuals of poorly created territories since such areashave most of the populace in it. These less evolved zones wouldbe energetically searching forward for an administration which can push them to improvetheir all out evaluation. No ideological group can ever consider getting rule intheir hand without the votes of these dominant part more fragile areas. So thesethickly populated less created territories are significant as far aspolitical parties are concerned. They attempt to give charming guarantees intheir political race with the goal that they can deplete the votes of these zones. Filling the pronouncement with different destitution reductionpolicieswilldefinitely help the ideological groups to get the voting form in support of themselves. Neediness decrease will be the announced witticism of ideological groups of lessdeveloped nations. At the point when they come into rule, these gatherings attempt toimplement their destitution decrease approaches to a limited degree at any rate. Ideological groups are very much aware of the way that except if they botherabout the neediness stricken regions, country won't perceive any advancement ingeneral and furthermore they won't get the accompanying political race in support of themselves. Expanding number of ideological groups has in this manner supported the advancement ofnations from various perspectives. Progress of the country is the pronounced witticism ofpolitics however we should question how far it is valid in the instances of certaincountries that have a tainted political air. Intrigue bunches assume a significant job in the progression of majority rules system, particularly indeveloping nations. Various intrigue bunches exist in nations wherethere are more issues and issues. A political intrigue gathering can be agroup, who attempts to impact the administration so as to complete their interestabout the general public. These ideological groups, particularly the mainopposition gatherings can battle to get their requests met by the administration. Incertain cases resistance groups perform incredibly well and they dorepresent the more fragile areas. They can call attention to the imperfections and weaknessesof the decision party and can assist them with improving their standard. These competingpolitical powers are of various nature. They shift in their size,ideology, strategy center, persuasive capacity, and method of portrayal. .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .postImageUrl , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:hover , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:visited , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:active { border:0!important; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:active , .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:hover { darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u82ba fcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u82bafcab6b596b9e99ab1858ef8a3d0c:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Case Study Of High Strength Concrete Construction EssayFor model, a few gatherings may concentrate on specific issues or land areasand some might be keen on certain unique themes. Likewise there arecertain political gatherings who chip away at more extensive zones of open arrangement. Certain intrigue bunches center around government alone to get their requests donewhereas a few gatherings attempt to impact non-legislative and different privateorganizations and relationship to maintain their goals. The politicalparty which is in power (the delegate government) is assumed toencourage the interests of other contending bunches too. They will considerthe restrictions feeling with respect to significant issues and will take decisionsaccordingly. The contending bunches help to establishabalancebyintroducing contentions and assets to tolerate on different parts of publicpolicy choices. They will furnish themselves with force and impact andhave a help from the open to such an extent that they can stifle any larger part orminority gathering of personal stake who become sufficiently able to debilitate therights of others. Political gatherings contend on the playing field made bythe constitutions (national just as state) and laws. They create theirown approaches and rules de pendent on the constitution and will speak to peoplefor the advancement of the country. To put it plainly, these different contending groupstry to make a stable world of politics that permits the interests ofthe average citizens to be introduced before the administration. In Calhoun and John McGowan (1997), the creator asks, Is governmental issues reallynothing more than power relations, contending interests and claims forrecognition, clashing affirmations of basic facts?. Be that as it may, the politicalgroups of specific nations have demonstrated that they do offer their best forthe advancement works of their countries. Ideological groups come out withvarious approaches and plans that would kill neediness, as indicated by theirclaims. They attempt to persuade individuals that they can meet theirdemands and would fix their devastated community and private life. Eventhough the facts demonstrate that belief system has melted away and personality and intrigue basedpolitics have gone to the scene, ideological groups despite everything attempt to improve thepoverty-stricken condition of the hindered layers of the general public. New newpolitical parties show up into the political scene day by day and they additionally comeup with new guarantees so individ uals settle on their decision on their kindness. These ideological groups are very much aware about the way that except if theyimplement their neediness decrease arrangements, they will no longer get favourin the accompanying political decision. In less developedcountriesespecially,political parties have begun going to the concerns of neediness strickenareas. In another words, in certain poor countries, political gatherings competeamong themselves in giving best approaches to individuals with the goal that they gainthe favor of the poor greater part who search forward for a superior governmentthat can annihilate destitution from the general public (Lustig, 2000). In other words,the rivalry between the ideological groups have gotten a shelter for peoplewho expect only a superior government that can execute developm

How to Make Money From Selling My Essay

How to Make Money From Selling My EssayIs it possible to buy my essay for cash? Most people think that you can't sell or donate it. However, the reality is quite different. In this article, I will share with you a couple of ways to get cash for an essay.First of all, you need to use Google and type in the term 'buy my essay'sell my essay' on any popular search engine. Do you see any advertisements? If there are, you can use them to find out whether or not someone wants to sell your essay. Write down the ads, so that you don't forget about them. You should continue to use them until you've gotten rid of all of the ads.Write down the free ads you find as well. Remember that there's more than one way to get cash for essays. You may be able to make money off of other people's essays. You'll have to search around until you find an ad that has a link that leads to the right place.The best way to get paid for writing an essay is to go to a special sale or assignment. These sales can be foun d online. You'll usually be able to find plenty of auctions that include special discounts. If you go to an auction, you can expect to get some cash for your essay. Many times, you can get a lot of money for essays, even those that are not too hard to write.It is possible to sell your essay and not get paid. However, this isn't going to be the best way to make money off of your essay. It isn't going to be worth a lot of money.You can make money from selling your essay to a college. Most colleges will want to pay good money for essays. In addition, they often have special assignments where you can get cash for your essay.In most cases, if you write a decent essay and publish it, it will be enough to pay for the essay. Many students are willing to pay someone to write essays for them. In some cases, you might be able to get paid to write for the school. If this is the case, you should focus on getting as many essays written as you can for school.It is possible to write an essay and ma ke some cash off of it. It is possible to sell your essay and get cash for it.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for September 27th, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for September 27th, 2019 Sponsored by TBR, our subscription service for personalized reading recommendations! These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Unaccustomed Earth by Jhumpa Lahiri for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Lets Pretend This Never Happened by Jenny Lawson for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Last Call at the Nightshade Lounge by Paul Krueger for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals American War by Omar El Akkad for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Raven Boys by Maggie Stiefvater for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. 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Masters and Doctoral Degrees Whats the Difference

After receiving your masters degree, there are still more options to study in graduate school, including an additional masters degree, doctorate programs (Ph.D., Ed.D., and others) and certificate programs to consider. These degree and certificate programs all vary in level, time to complete, and more. Additional Masters Degrees If you have already earned a masters degree and wish to continue your studies, you might consider a second masters degree. Since masters degrees tend to be specialized degrees, as you grow within your career you may find that a new specialty is required or that two specialties will make you an even more desirable candidate when job hunting. In education, for example, many teachers earn a Masters of Arts in Teaching degree but may return to the classroom to study for a degree in the field in which they are teaching, such as English or mathematics. They may also wish to pursue a degree in organizational leadership, especially if they are looking to grow into an administrative role in the school. Masters degrees generally take two, sometimes three, years to complete (after earning a bachelors degree), but pursuing a second degree in a similar discipline might allow you to carry over some credits and complete the program sooner. There are also some accelerated masters programs that can earn you a degree in less than a year; just be prepared for a lot of hard work. All masters programs entail coursework and exams, and, depending on the field, possibly an internship or other applied experience (for example, in some fields of psychology). Whether a thesis is required to obtain a masters degree depends on the program. Some programs require a written thesis; others offer an option between a thesis and a comprehensive exam. Some programs provide capstone courses, which are usually semester-long courses that provide a comprehensive overview of everything learned within the program and ask students to complete several small thesis statements to demonstrate mastery. A meaningful way in which masters programs differ from many, but not all, doctoral programs is in the level of financial aid available to students. Most programs do not offer as much assistance to masters students as they do for doctoral students, and so students often pay most if not all of their tuition. Many top institutions even offer full scholarships for doctoral students, but a doctoral program is usually a much more comprehensive and time-consuming educational program, requiring a full-time commitment, versus the possibility of working your full-time job while going for a masters degree. The value of the masters degree varies by field. In some areas such as business, a masters is the unstated norm and necessary for advancement. Other fields do not require advanced degrees for career advancement. In some cases, a masters degree may hold advantages over a doctoral degree. For example, a masters degree in social work (MSW) may be more cost-effective than a doctoral degree, given the time and funds required to earn the degree and the pay differential. The admission offices at the schools youre applying to can often help you determine which program is best for you. Ph.D. and Other Doctoral Degrees A doctoral degree is a more advanced degree and takes more time (often a great deal more time).  Depending on the program, a Ph.D. could take four to eight years to complete. Typically, a Ph.D. in North American programs entails two to three years of coursework and a dissertation — an independent research project designed to uncover new knowledge in your field that must be of publishable quality. A dissertation can take a year or more to complete, with most averaging about 18 months. Some fields, like applied psychology, may also require an internship of one year or more. Most doctorate programs offer various forms of financial aid, from assistantships to scholarships to loans. The availability and types of support vary by discipline (e.g., those in which faculty conduct research sponsored by large grants are more likely to hire students in exchange for tuition) and by the institution. Students in some doctoral programs also earn masters degrees along the way. Certificate Programs Certificates can usually be earned in less than a year and are often significantly less expensive than going after additional degrees. If youre wondering what should come after your masters degree and youre not sure if a doctoral program is right for you, this could be the way to go. Certificates range in scope greatly and can allow you to hyperfocus on the areas in which you wish to excel. Some schools even offer certificate programs that are of a masters degree caliber, so you can walk away better prepared for your career and without breaking the bank. Employers who offer tuition assistance may look favorably on a less expensive certificate program as well. Which Is the Best? There is no easy answer. It depends on your interests, field, motivation, and career goals. Read more about your field and consult faculty advisers to learn more about which option best fits your career goals. Some final considerations are as follows: What types of jobs do a masters degree, doctoral degree, and certificate holders have? Do they differ? How?How much will each degree cost? How much will you earn after obtaining each degree? Is the outcome worth the cost? What can you afford?How much time do you have to invest in additional schooling?Are you interested enough to pursue many years of schooling?Will earning a doctoral degree offer a substantial benefit in your employment and advancement opportunities? Only you know which is the right degree for you. Take your time and ask questions, then carefully weigh what you learn about each, its opportunities, as well as your own needs, interests, and competencies. What comes after a masters degree is up to you.

Isolation as the Root of Hamlets Torment Essay - 1660 Words

Isolation as the Root of Hamlets Torment Does Hamlet stand alone? Does this magnate of English literature hold any bond of fellowship with those around him, or does he forge through his quandaries of indecision, inaction and retribution in solitude? Though the young Dane interacts with Shakespeares entire slate of characters, most of his discourse lies beneath a cloud of sarcasm, double meaning and contempt. As each member of Claudius royal court offers their thickly veiled and highly motivated speech Hamlet retreats further and further into the muddled depths of his conflict-stricken mind. Death by a father, betrayal by a mother, scorn by a lover and abhorrence by an uncle leave the hero with no place to turn, perhaps creating a†¦show more content†¦Prior to this we discover Polonius rancor for the prince when he warns Ophelia of Hamlets feigned affections: Do not believe his vows (1.3, 127). As with Claudius, there exists little cordiality, less true affection and even less of an attempt to disguise the relations hip. The king fears his nephews grief-enraged condition and the dutiful advisor mirrors these suspicions. Hamlet, meanwhile, casts an equal contempt at the pair in protest of Claudius unnatural ascension to the roles of both father and husband. Built up around this central opposition of Claudius and Polonius remain the various accessories to the conflict. Laertes follows his fathers lead in defamation of Hamlet and further admonishes against Ophelias association with the prince: Fear it (1.3, 33) and Be wary then (1.3, 43). Hamlets former schoolmates Rosencrantz and Guildenstern likewise ally with Claudius to hugely pervert the notion of allegiance. Blind of their betrayal, a companionless Hamlet joyfully greets the pair as My excellent good friends (2.2, 227), only later to discover their disloyal collusion with the king. As willing participants in a scheme against their childhood companion, they bitterly strip Hamlet of yet another outlet for compassion. The queen hints that their friendship will be abused to gain the confidence of Hamlet, And I am sure, two

Fundamentals of Computer Free Essays

string(57) " of system programs that perform a variety of functions\." entExamination Paper: Fundamentals of Computer IIBM Institute of Business Management Semester-I Examination Paper MM. 100 Fundamentals of Computer Section A: Objective Type (20 marks) ********************************************************** Multiple Choices: 1. b. We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamentals of Computer or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 types 2. b. 1 or more input signals to produce output 3. d. Both (a) (c) 4. b. Non-volatile 5. c. Direct-access storage device 6. c. Multiple object program files of any software 7. a. Are geographically distributed 8. b. Way in which the network’s nodes are linked together 9. a. World wide web 10. . General purpose electronic equipment for homes Fill in the Blanks: 1. Multimedia applications are multimedia presentation, foreign language learning, multimedia Kiosk and †¦multimedia books, e books, digital library, video games, animation films virtual shops†¦ 2. Computer audio deals with synthesizing, recording and †¦Palying audio†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ with a computer. 3. Collating sequence is ordering of symbols in an †¦encoding†¦. standard. 4. Binary coded decimal is a †¦6-Bit†¦ Code. 5. The logic gates are interconnected to form gating or logic networks known as †¦combinational†¦.. ogic circuits. 6. †¦CPU†¦. is the brain of a computer system. 7. The term †¦software†¦. refers to a collection of programs. 8. Program errors are known as †¦bugs†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. Documentation†¦. is the process of collecting, organizing storing and maintaining a complete historical record of programs. 10. File organization†¦ deals with physical organization of records of a file for convenience of their storage and retrieval. Section B: Short Questions (20 marks) 1. What is data processing? Data processing is a series of actions on input that converts the input into useful output. In data processing, input is data and output is the useful information. In consists of three sub activities: Capturing input data, manipulating it and producing output information. People, procedure and devices are required to produce the output from the input data. 2. What is a file management system? File management system is a set of programs which help the users to organize, create, delete, update and manipulate their files. Its common features are as described below. a. Transaction file: It stores the input data until the application uses it during next processing cycle. b. Master file: It contains all current data relevant to an application. c. Output file: some applications use multiple programs. One program takes the output of another program as input; hence the former program stores the output as an output file. d. Report file: It is a copy of report, generated by application in computer accessible form. e. Backup file: It is a copy of file crated by user or system to avoid loss of data due to corruption or deletion of original file. 3. What is a computer network? Computer network is a group of computers which are linked to each other via internet. The computers on network can communicate with each other and can share information. Four basic service provided by internet to its users are electronic mail, file transfer protocol, telnet and use net news. The common network types are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area network (MANs), campus area networks (CANs) and wide area network (WANs). 4. What is a secondary storage? The additional memory needed in all computers to overcome the limitations of primary storage (Limited capacity and Volatile) is called secondary storage. t is nonvolatile and has lower cost per bit stored. It operates generally at slower speed than primary storage. Computer system uses it primarily to store large volume of data on permanent basis. Commonly used storage devices are hard disk, CD ROM, DVD, memory card and Pen drive. Section C: Long Questions (20 marks) 1. Explain the printing mechanism of laser printer. Mechanism of Laser Printers: Transfer of Data The very first step in laser printing is the transfer of data from a computer to the memory of the image processor of a printer. Writing Data Now, once the data is transferred to the printer’s memory, it is written to the printer’s drum with the help of a laser. The drum will keep rotating and the moment it rotates past the laser, it sweeps off the printer’s surface neutralizing some spots to about -100v. These spots are the areas where the toner remains stuck to the drum and further gets transferred to the paper. Inserting the Paper and Pickup Process of the Toner Once the writing process is over, you need to add papers to the printer. Keep the papers into the printer’s paper tray. The feed rollers inside the printer pull the paper inside and the registration rollers hold it till its release. As the drum keeps on rotating, the toner settles down in an area which is at a charge of about -100v and remains attached to the drum till the paper comes in. Transfer of the Toner to the Paper Now, the complete toned image is created on the drum. The moment you apply the paper to the printer, the toner transfer process starts. The transfer corona applies a charge of about +600v to the paper and when the paper passes through the drum, the toner which is at a charge of about -100v gets transferred to the paper. Further, the paper passes through a static charge eliminator that decreases the positive charge in the paper, with the help of its negative charge. Fusing The process of fusion takes place in order to secure the printout by melting the minute plastic fragments present on the toner’s surface, so as to fix them to the paper fibers. Laser printers are handy when it comes to fast, bulk and quality printing. But high prices and some health risks such as respiratory disorders due to the release of some harmful sub-micrometer particles are some of the disadvantages associated with laser printing. However, this kind of printer still remains the first choice for most of the organizations when it comes to printing. 2. Explain the importance of system software for a computer system. System Software is a set of programs that manage the resources of a compute system. System Software is a collection of system programs that perform a variety of functions. You read "Fundamentals of Computer" in category "Papers" * File Editing * Resource Accounting * I/O Management * Storage, Memory Management access management. System Software can be broadly classified into three types as: System control programs: It Controls the execution of programs, anage the storage processing resources of the computer perform other management monitoring function. The most important of these programs is the operating system. Other examples are database management systems (DBMS) communication monitors. System support programs: It provide routine service functions to the other computer programs computer users: E. g. Utilities, libraries, performance monitors job accounting. System development programs assists in the creation of application programs. E. g. , language translators such as BASIC interpreter application generators. Application Software: It performs specific tasks for the computer user. Application software is a program which program written for, or, by, a user to perform a particular job. Languages already available for microcomputers include Clout, Q A and Savvy ret rival. The use of natural language touches on expert systems, computerized collections of the knowledge of many human experts in a given field, and artificial intelligence, independently smart computer systems – two topics that are receiving much attention and development and will continue to do so in the future. 1. Operating System Software Storage Manager Process Manager File – System Manager I/O Control System Communication Manager 2. Standard System Software Language Processor Loaders Software Tools 3. Application Software Sort/Merge Package Payroll/Accounting Package DBMS General-purpose application software such as electronic spreadsheet has a wide variety of applications. Specific – purpose application s/w such as payroll sales analysis is used for the application for which it is designed. Section D: Applied Theory (40 marks) 1. What is a computer virus? How does a typical virus works? When a computer system suffers from virus infection, how it is cured? Defenition: Computer virus is a small software programs that are designed by human to spread from one computer to another and to interfere with normal computer operations. Work of Typical virus: The A computer virus is most often defined as â€Å"a malicious code of computer programming†. What this means is that a computer virus is just another software, written with not so very noble intentions. A computer virus is designed to install, propagate and cause damage to computer files and data without the knowledge and/or express permission of the user. A computer virus can only survive, attack and propagate in computer memory. Computer memory is usually the RAM (and all different variations of it) and disk storage (hard, floppy and everything in between). Besides this you will not find computer viruses in your monitor, keyboard and certainly not in your own blood stream! The first step in any virus attack is always the invasion. This is when the virus actually enters the computer system from an outside source. Much of the effort in preventing a virus attack lies in understanding what these virus entry points are and how best to monitor and block out any possible intrusion. All viruses enter the computer system through two main entry points: the disk network adapter card is most likely your computer network and/or modem card connected to the local Intranet and/or the Internet. Virus enters through the network card most likely disguised in the form of attachments in e-mails. These attachments are often program files and office documents containing macros. Besides this, certain webpages that we visit on the Internet may also contain harmful programming codes that might transfer virus or virus-like codes into our system. To guard our systems against virus intrusion from these sources, many good anti-virus programs allows users to completely scan all files read form disk drives or downloaded from the Intranet/Internet. How do virus infections occur? The act of infection often begins with a harmless looking action such as opening a file (like a video game or a Word document) that one often gets in e-mail attachments or while accessing any disk in a disk drive. These actions inadvertently activate the virus lurking in these files and disks. The virus then installs itself into the computer’s memory. Computer system suffering from virus infection: After entering the computer memory, a virus often immediately sets out to multiply and spread duplicate copies of itself across the main data storage device (most often the hard disk drive). It does this by copying itself into as many files it can find on the disk drive. Later when users transfers or copies these files to their friends and colleagues, the virus gain entry into ever increasing number of systems. If the virus has found its way to this level of the user’s computer, the user runs a high risk of permanent damage to data and hardware. But such a level of infection only happens to two types of users. The first are those who do not employ any kind of anti-virus measures (or if they do, it obviously isn’t doing a good job). The second are those who do have good anti-virus programs installed and running but did not bother updating their software with the latest virus data files. As a result newer viruses can actually use the anti-virus programs to infect an even greater number of files. So we can see here that having good anti-virus software isn’t enough. One must constantly keep it updated (preferably on a monthly basis). If a virus were to just spread itself, users might not have much to worry about. But the worst is yet to come. Many viruses contain what is called a payload. This is the destructive sequence that is activated on a certain trigger. The trigger may be the arrival of a particular date or an action done by the user. The effect of the payload can be anything as benign as some harmless message appearing on screen to as frightening as the destruction of the disk drive’s boot record – making it completely unusable and in most cases completely irreparable. Indeed it is the later that causes permanent lose of data and hardware and which is responsible for the virus’ notorious reputation. If a virus is capable of unleashing its payload on the user’s system, this indicates a serious breach of security on part of the user. It’s time for the user to learn from the experience and never let computer virus have a second chance. How do I know if my computer has been infected? After you open and run an infected program or attachment on your computer, you might not realize that you’ve introduced a virus until you notice something isn’t quite right. Here are a few indicators that your computer  might  be infected: * Your computer runs more slowly than normal * Your computer stops responding or freezes often Your computer crashes and restarts every few minutes * Your computer restarts on its own and then fails to run normally * Applications on your computer don’t work correctly * Disks or disk drives are inaccessible * You can’t print correctly * You see unusual error messages * You see distorted menus and dialog boxes How to Cure: R emove a virus manually: Sometimes a virus must be removed manually. This can become a technical process that you should only undertake if you have experience with the  Windows  registry and know how to view and delete system and program files in  Windows. First, identify the virus by name by running your antivirus program. If you don’t have an antivirus program or if your program doesn’t detect the virus, you might still be able to identify it by looking for clues about how it behaves. Write down the words in any messages it displays or, if you received the virus in email, write down the subject line or name of the file attached to the message. Then search an antivirus vendor’s website for references to what you wrote down to try to find the name of the virus and instructions for how to remove it. Recovery and prevention: After the virus is removed, you might need to reinstall some software or restore lost information. Doing regular backups on your files can help you avoid data loss if your computer becomes infected again. If you haven’t kept backups in the past, we recommend that you start now. 3. Write short notes on: (a) The OSI model (b) Internetworking tools (c) Distributed computing systems (a) The OSI model The Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. This article explains the 7 Layers of the OSI Model. The  OSI, or  Open  System  Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy. a. Application Layer This layer supports  application  and end-user processes. Communication partners are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are considered, and any constraints on data  syntax  are identified. Everything at this layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for  file transfers,  e-mail, and other  network  software  services. Telnet  and  FTP  are applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application architectures are part of this layer. b. Presentation Layer This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e. g. ,  encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a  network, providing freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer. c. Session Layer This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between  applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection coordination. d. Transport Layer This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or  hosts, and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and  flow control. It ensures complete data transfer. e. Network Layer This layer provides  switching  and  routing  technologies, creating logical paths, known as  virtual circuits, for transmitting data from  node  to node. Routing and forwarding are functions of this layer, as well as  addressing,  internetworking, error handling, congestion  control and packet sequencing. f. Data Link Layer At this layer, data packets are  encoded  and decoded into bits. It furnishes  transmission protocol  knowledge and management and handles errors in the physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the  Logical Link Control  (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame synchronization, flow control and error checking. g. Physical Layer 1 This layer conveys the bit stream – electrical impulse, light or radio signal through the  network  at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the  hardware  means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects. b) Internetworking tools The art and science of connecting individual  local-area networks (LANs)  to create  wide-area networks (WANs), and connecting WANs to form even larger WANs. Internetworking can be extremely complex because it generally involves connecting networks that use different  protocols. Internetworking is accomplished ith  routers,  bridges, and  gateways. Routers: It is a  device  that forwards data  packets  along  networks. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two  LANs  or  WANs  or a LAN and its  ISP  network. Routers are located at  gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. Routers use  headers  and forwarding tables to determine the best path for forwarding the packets, and they use  protocols  such as  ICMP  to communicate with each other and configure the best route between any two hosts. Bridges: It is a  device  that connects two  local-area networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN that use the same  protocol, such as  Ethernet  or  Token-Ring. Gateways: It is a  node  on a  network  that serves as an entrance to another network. In enterprises, the gateway is the computer that  routes  the traffic from a workstation  to the outside network that is serving the Web pages. In homes, the gateway is the  ISP  that connects the user to the internet. In enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a  proxy server  and a  firewall. The gateway is also associated with both a  router, which use  headers  and forwarding tables to determine where  packets  are sent, and a  switch, which provides the actual path for the packet in and out of the gateway. A computer system located on earth that switches data signals and voice signals between satellites and  terrestrial  networks. An earlier term for  router, though now obsolete in this sense as  router  is commonly used. c) Distributed computing systems A distributed computer system consists of multiple software components that are on multiple computers, but run as a single system. The computers that are in a distributed system can be physically close together and connected by a local network, or they can be geographically distant and connected by a wide area network. A distributed s ystem can consist of any number of possible configurations, such as mainframes, personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, and so on. The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single computer. Distributed systems offer many benefits over centralized systems, including the following: Scalability The system can easily be expanded by adding more machines as needed. Redundancy Several machines can provide the same services, so if one is unavailable, work does not stop. Additionally, because many smaller machines can be used, this redundancy does not need to be prohibitively expensive. Distributed computing systems can run on hardware that is provided by many vendors, and can use a variety of standards-based software components. Such systems are independent of the underlying software. They can run on various operating systems, and can use various communications protocols. Some hardware might use UNIX(R)  as the operating system, while other hardware might use Windows operating systems. For inter machine communications, this hardware can use SNA or TCP/IP on Ethernet or Token Ring. This system contains two local area networks (LANs) that are connected to each other. One LAN consists of UNIX workstations from several different manufacturers; the other LAN consists primarily of PCs that are running several different PC operating systems. One of the LANs is also connected to a mainframe by way of an SNA connection. The client/server model A common way of organizing software to run on distributed systems is to separate functions into two parts: clients and servers. A  client  is a program that uses services that other programs provide. The programs that provide the services are called  servers. The client makes a request for a service, and a server performs that service. Server functions often require some resource management, in which a server synchronizes and manages access to the resource, and responds to client requests with either data or status information. Client programs typically handle user interactions and often request data or initiate some data modification on behalf of a user. For example, a client can provide a form onto which a user (a person working at a data entry terminal, for example) can enter orders for a product. The client sends this order information to the server, which checks the product database and performs tasks that are needed for billing and shipping. Typically, multiple clients use a single server. For example, dozens or hundreds of clients can interact with a few servers that control database access. The client is isolated from the need to know anything about the actual resource manager. If you change the database that you are using, the server possibly needs to be modified, but the client does not need to be modified. Because usually fewer copies exist of the server than of the client, and because the servers are often in locations that are easier to update (for example, on central machines instead of on PCs that are running on users’ desks), the update procedure is also simplified. Also, this approach provides additional security. Only the servers, not the clients, need access to the data that the resource manager controls. Clients can also access several different servers, and the servers themselves can act as clients to other servers. Exactly how the functions are distributed across servers is an application design decision. For example, a single server could provide all the services that a client needs, or the client could access multiple servers to perform different requests. The application designer must consider items such as scalability, location, and security. For example, are the clients and servers local or is the application distributed over a wide geographic area? Do the servers need to be on machines that are physically secure? Such design decisions are outside the scope of this introduction. Some servers are part of an application and are referred to as  application servers. Other servers are not part of a specific application. Instead, any application can use them. For example, the CICS Structured File Server (SFS) provides record-oriented file access for applications. Three-tiered client/server architecture A common design of client/server systems uses three tiers: 1. A client that interacts with the user 2. An application server that contains the business logic of the application 3. A resource manager that stores data. How to cite Fundamentals of Computer, Papers

The story, Eveline written by James Joyce Essay Example For Students

The story, Eveline written by James Joyce Essay The story, Eveline written by James Joyce deals with a woman who is going though a hard time in her life. She is very confused about her present, and how she would like to live in the future. Evelines life is great like dust. She lives with her mother, father and two younger siblings. Her mother was very ill à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" mentally and psychically. Evelines dad is not a pleasant present from life either. He is very mean, never satisfied, careless old man. He is one of the reasons his wife was mentally ill. Soon, she died in the hospital and Eveline left her with a promise to always take care and look out after her family. After mothers death, Evelines life became very miserable. We will write a custom essay on The story, Eveline written by James Joyce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Eveline is very tired of the way she is living her life, always in the house taking care of the younger siblings, and always serving her old father. One day she meets a young sailor name Frank. He makes her feel like there is more to life than what she is living. Frank and Evelin have a great relationship with one another. Eveline starts to dream of a new place to live, where people will treat her with respect, unlike her father. As time went on, a young woman realized that she needs to stop dreaming and start to live her dream. She and her lover make plans to leave to Buenos Aires and start a completely new and better life. However, Evelines father does not approve his daughters relationship with Frank and stands in the way of their happiness. He begins to tell Eveline that Frank is a sailor, he is not good for her, not reliable and he probably has more women like her all around the world. Therefore, the only thing he would do is break her heart. As a result, she begins to have doubts about leaving home to another country with her lover. At last she decides to leave with Frank. As Eveline and Frank are about to get on the boat, she starts to feel very confused. Frank gets on the boat and starts to yell out to her. Yet, Eveline just froze and looked at Frank with a very cold look that carried no sense of love. She remembered the promise she gave to her mother and could not break it. In conclusion, she remained at home as her loved one went away forever and she is left with her miserable life. Sometimes people give up a lot just for the love and respect for a family member, just like Eveline kept the promise she has left to her mother, and gave up on her love, happiness and new life with her loved one.