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Working With Children Who Have Behavioral Difficulties

When working with children who have behavioural difficulties it is important that practitioners work in partnership with the child’s parents as they are they are the child s first educator and they know the child best. â€Å"Parents are ‘children s first and most enduring educators ( curriculum guidance for the foundation stage, QCA 2000, making partnership with parents and carers essential if early years practitioners are to plan effectively for a child’s learning† (http://nurseryworld.co.uk/). This could be done by the practitioner arranging meetings with the child s parents as they will help practitioners to gain a better understanding of what methods the parents use at home in order to manage the child s behaviour. Also in the setting†¦show more content†¦This can be done by having regular meetings where they discuss and express their own feelings and thoughts about the strategies. These meetings could be carried out at home or in the setting. Also by working closely with behaviour therapist this will benefits the child as they are getting expert help. Also when working with children who have behavioural difficulties it is important that practitioners see the child as individual and not the same as the other children. This will provide a child centred practice. Some children may find it difficult to follow the class or school rules for many different reasons. This could result in the child having an individual behaviour plan and this will help manage the child s behaviour. it is also important when working with children with behavioural needs to manage the methods being carried out but also the ones that don’t work for example some children may like the reward method by having stickers and others may prefer to have free choice. Also when working with a child that has behavioural needs it is important that the practitioner respects the families culture, customs and values. Some children may have grown up in a family that values their fathers me. It is important that the practitioners take these into account as the child may only listen to a male figure. Also some children mayShow MoreRelatedProviding Support For Students with Emotional Distrubances Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pages Spring 2011 Providing Support For Students with Emotional Distrubances As a Paraprofessional I have worked with many Special education populations. The most perplexing however was working with students diagnosed with Emotional behavior disturbances. The teacher that I supported has little training in dealing with students with this diagnosis. The level of frustration was always at a maximumRead MoreThe Educational Implications Of Adhd On School Aged Children1359 Words   |  6 Pages What are the Educational Implications of ADHD on school aged children? 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Lsi Paper Free Essays

string(404) " that conventionality is a way of hiding myself and avoiding developing as a person, ask myself if my life is how I want it to be, or if it has become merely adherence to rules and others’ expectations, break out of my routine and do something -\? anything -\? different, focus on my own unique strengths and skills, look for ways to do things Transiently at work Ana at none Ana listen to myself\." The Self-Actually scale measures a way of thinking that results in the highest form of personal fulfillment. I scored on the high range. And according to the results I tend to have a great deal of confidence in myself and in my ability to make things better. We will write a custom essay sample on Lsi Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now My healthy outlook can positively influence my personal development, relationships, and effectiveness at work. I am able to determine what situation requires and act to improve it. Because I tend to be a person of principle, In my ability to make things better. While I may feel temporarily guilty over things I could have prevented, negative situations don’t tend to worry me to a great extent. I use my available resources well, and make the most of any situation. While I can become fully involved in projects that interest me, I tend to leave situations I don’t find as satisfying: my motivation to do something comes completely from within. I have many interests, and are open to new people and experiences. Others typically admire my confidence, spontaneity, and the Joy I experience In simply living. To become more self – actualities It suggests me to accept others with fewer conditions, restructure unpleasant tasks to make them more enjoyable, make it a point to do the things I enjoy regularly, see problems as opportunities for growth and development, live each day in the present and know myself. And the benefits I will gain when I am more self actualities is greater professional success, enhanced creativity and ability to be innovative,stronger acceptance of myself and others, the ability to set and act on personal goals, greater flexibility and divisiveness, Improved perspective and Judgment, openness to new experiences, increased satisfaction and happiness and the ability to relax and enjoy myself. The Humanistic-Encouraging 1 o’clock position: The Humanistic-Encouraging scale measures our interest In people, our tendency to care about others, and our ability to encourage them to Improve. I scored on the medium range closer to the higher range. And according to the survey I tend to often demonstrate concern for others and can be supportive of them. Because I generally try to encourage people in their efforts to improve, others probably see me as inspirational. I recognize the value of costive feedback and frequently use it as a motivator. To become more Humanistic- Encouraging it suggests met o think about qualities I admire in someone who was in some way responsible for my growth and development, increase my Interest In those around me, solicit Ideas and feedback, learn to accept people for who they are, put myself in someone else’s place. The benefits would be improved ability to lead, manage or teach, closer, more rewarding relationships, more respect for others, feelings of satisfaction derived from encouraging others, the ability to achieve higher- laity results through seeking others’ input, more patience, the ability to act as a mentor to others. Eve 2 O’clock position: Nine Titillate scale measures our degree AT commitment to forming and sustaining satisfying relationships. This style represents a need for social interaction and interpersonal contact. I scored on the high range and according to the survey results I tend to be most effective and comfortable in the company of others. I will generally strive to improve and maintain those relationships that are important to me. I value teamwork, cooperation and mutually rewarding legislations. I express my liking for a people, and because I am tactful and considerate of others’ feelings, they tend to like me in return. The suggestions to become more affiliated are; to work at getting to know one person well, practice communicating effectively, communicate my sociability by smiling often, touching when appropriate, and making eye contact, learn to express my thoughts and feelings, take a motivational course or Join a professional, civic or recreational group. As a result there would occur satisfying relationships, the ability to express my linings openly and honestly, a â€Å"support system† of friends, increased productivity at work due to more cooperative relationships, an interesting social life that includes interactions with a variety of people, feelings of comfort and ease around people, the ability to work well and cooperate as part of a team. Approval 3 o’clock position:The Approval scale measures our need to be accepted by others to increase or sustain our feelings of self-worth. I scored on the high range and according to the survey I typically work too hard to gain the approval of others. If I do not get people’s full acceptance, tend to feel anxious. Although I may not always agree, I probably â€Å"go along† with others too easily and often. To reduce a need for approval I should voice my own opinions, learn to become more self-directed by setting some personal goals, realize that approval-seeking can result in one-sided relationships, practice facing confrontations, talk to myself when you encounter disapproval. The benefits would be reduced levels of stress, heightened interest in personal growth and development, the belief that my opinions matter, improved relationships based on mutual respect, the ability to relax and be myself around there, confidence in my ability to handle conflict, stronger, well-defined beliefs, convictions and goals, more energy to devote to enjoying life and the knowledge that people’s opinions cannot Jeopardize your sense of personal security. Conventional 4 o’clock position: The Conventional scale measures our tendency to act in a conforming way. While some conformity is necessary in life, too much can be restrictive. I scored on high range and according to the results I probably see rules as more important than ideas. My overly conservative behavior can keep me from trying new things. I may have difficulty taking even small risks. In a sense, being conventional involves trading my creativity and spontaneity for feelings of security. My tendency to hide behind regulations and procedures can involve discounting my own beliefs and opinions. To become less conventional it suggests me to recognize that conventionality is a way of hiding myself and avoiding developing as a person, ask myself if my life is how I want it to be, or if it has become merely adherence to rules and others’ expectations, break out of my routine and do something -? anything -? different, focus on my own unique strengths and skills, look for ways to do things Transiently at work Ana at none Ana listen to myself. Becoming less conventional can result in the freedom to Express myself, creative, innovative approaches to tasks, self- set standards and goals, a stronger, more individualized sense of self, renewed belief in myself, increased flexibility, the confidence to fulfill your potential and spontaneity. Dependent 5 0†² clock position: The Dependent scale measures the degree to which we feel our efforts do not count. I scored on medium range closer to the higher range according to that I may find that my feelings of dependency are eroding my ability to get things done. When making decisions, I am are likely to seek the opinions of others not because my value participative decision-making, but because I feel safer when others set the course. To become more independent the survey suggests to learn something new. Take an assertiveness training course, or read a book on the subject, realize that no one can make me happy or unhappy, set a few small goals, strive to make decisions independently and take the initiative and assume a leadership role. Becoming more independent can result in these benefits like a sense of control over my life, self-set standards and goals, the ability to accomplish tasks ore efficiently, improvement in the quality of my relationships and the ability to take risks when appropriate. Avoidance 6 o’clock position :the Avoidance scale measures our tendency to use the defensive strategy of withdrawal. We do this by hiding our feelings, or by shying away from situations we find threatening I scored on the medium range closer to the higher range and according to that I may have difficulty giving myself credit for my strengths: instead, ‘tend to focus on my shortcomings. I may choose to criticize myself when I make mistakes, rather than learning from them and moving forward. To become less Avoidance-oriented it suggests to determine what is threatening me and provoking unavoidable behavior, focus on my feelings, recognize that your personal worth is unrelated to your accomplishments, setbacks, relationships, or feelings, accomplish one small task every day and concentrate on interacting with people who provoke feelings of insecurity in me As a result I would me more confidence to take moderate risks, there will be reduced stress-related symptoms, greater opportunities for personal growth, fewer feelings of guilt and self-doubt, the ability to relax around others, a heightened awareness of my feelings and the ability to express the and broader interests and increased involvement in activities Oppositional 7 o’clock position :The Oppositional scale measures our tendency to use the defensive and aggressive strategy of disagreeing with others, and to seek attention by being critical and cynical. I scored on the medium range closer to the high range ac cording to this I can be highly Judgmental and critical at times. I may not be easily influenced by the opinions of others and occasionally go out of my way to take a rigid, opposing view. Although I am are capable of admitting my mistakes,’ tend to see greater fault in others than I do immensely. I most often blame others when feeling pressured or when things aren’t going my way. To become less Oppositional; realize that instead of admiring me for my oppositional stands, others probably view me as an obstacle to overcome,withhold the urge to reject an idea until I fully unreason It, see toners’ criticism AT you In a more positive align, praise toners more often and recognize that others have something valuable to contribute. The benefits are the ability to use my insight and questioning techniques in a more productive, sees antagonistic way, a more accepting attitude toward criticism, and the ability to learn from it, greater acceptance of my need to be closer to others, the ability to listen more effectively and gather all the facts before giving an opinion and an increased appreciation for the benefits of sincerely praising others Power 8 0†² clock position:The Power scale measures our tendency to associate our self-worth with the degree to which we can control and dominate others. I scored on the high range according to that I can be domineering and like to feel in charge at all times. I tend to feel threatened and helpless when not in absolute control, yet typically remain unaware of what is causing these feelings. It is generally difficult for me to accept criticism from any source. Most people are uncomfortable being open and honest with me because of my insensitive, abrupt manner. I may place an unhealthy amount of importance on status and prestige, and typically will not hesitate to manipulate people. My tendency to see people as objects to be maneuvered can negatively affect my relationships. While I may use the Power style successfully in the short run, using this style regularly can be destructive -? both to e and to those with whom I interact. Suggestions to become less Power-oriented; Seek feedback on my behavior from neutral sources, examine the quality of my relationships, I may be tying immense of self-worth to my ability to control situations and people, concentrate on developing some personal goals, try a more tactful, friendly approach to others and watch their reactions, increase your confidence in others by delegating assignments, spend more time listening, recognize that your need for power could be based on fear. Becoming less Power-oriented can result in a ore effective, respected approach to my Job, more satisfying, productive relationships, reduced probability of stress-related medical symptom and increased confidence in the abilities of others. Competitive 9 o’clock position: The Competitive scale measures our need to establish a sense of self-worth through competing against and comparing ourselves to others I scored on the high range and according to it I tend to focus more on winning than on performance excellence. My preoccupation with being admired might cause me to overestimate my abilities, and I may rush into projects without fully realizing their implement. I generally like to be the center of attention, and are therefore susceptible to feelings of Jealousy and new when others draw attention from me. Rather than working with others cooperatively to achieve a goal, I tend to work against them in hopes of emerging as â€Å"better† than they are. This can put considerable strain on my relationships -? others may tire of my competitive drive and prefer to avoid me. The survey suggests to use achievement-oriented thinking, participate in recreational sports strictly for fun, accept the fact that you can’t be â€Å"the best† at everything, when oh make a mistake or perform poorly, resist the urge to obsess over it or blame others and collaborate on a project and work closely with another person. The Detentes AT Decoded less complete are enlarge-quality results willingness to cooperate with others, satisfying relationships and the ability to relax and enjoy life. Perfectionist 10 o’clock position :The Perfectionist scale measures the degree to which we feel a driven need to be seen by others as perfect. I scored on the high range and according to that I probably have difficulty simply doing my best. I tend to seek recognition by making sure that some or all areas of my life are flawless. Although I am task-oriented, I frequently see high-quality results as unsatisfactory because they don’t meet my unrealistic standards. To demonstrate my competence, I often set goals for myself that are higher than anyone else’s. I tend to expect too much from others as well, causing them to see me as rigid and demanding. My perfectionist tendencies can actually limit my productivity at work , and its effects on my health can result in cardiovascular problems, frequent headaches, migraines, sleeplessness, ulcers, and anorexia. Constantly striving to be seen as perfect becomes a vicious circle: if I choose to let it, this drive could begin to rule my life. Suggestions to become less Perfectionist are ; recognize that your drive to be perfect is self-defeating and that it is rooted in my basic values about life. Understand that my work is not my worth, talk about your behavior with someone who knows you well, alter my standards in some activity, Just to see how the results differ and recognize that giving up my perfectionist behavior will actually improve my ability to accomplish things. Becoming less Perfectionist can result in; reduced emotional and physical symptoms of stress more realistic performance standards, increased managerial effectiveness, a more balanced life, with time for relaxation, increased productivity, more trusting, open relationships and the ability to accept failure and learn from it Achievement 1 1 o’clock position :The Achievement scale measures a way of thinking that is highly associated with personal effectiveness. I scored on the medium range closer to the higher range according to that I probably have a healthy desire for achievement and tend to be confident of my own judgment and abilities. Because I am typically direct, honest and consistently able to meet challenges, I can be effective in a leadership role. Suggestions to become more Achievement-oriented are ; assess where I am now, study my LSI profile, target where my effort can make an immediate, measurable difference, set goals around anything to help make goal-setting a hab it, make it a point to take moderate risks, be supportive of myself. How to cite Lsi Paper, Papers

Ukraine tourism after the First World War free essay sample

Entry After the First World War greatly changed the political map of Europe: in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian imperiums have new provinces with different political and socio-economic amiably. Undergone drastic alterations and geopolitical place of Ukrainian lands. At the Eastern ( Dnieper ) Ukraine established Soviet power Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic ( USSR ) from 1937 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( SSR ) , whose capital was until 1934 Kharkiv. By the Treaty of Riga ( March 1921 ) of Western Ukraine was annexed by Poland ( even earlier, in 1918 p. , Romania occupied Bukovina, Transcarpathia in 1919 was given to Czechoslovakia ) . Therefore 20-30-E pp. in Ukraine were characterized by contradictory procedures and phenomena in all countries of society and the development of touristry as good. Core of Soviet power in the field of touristry in the 20-30-E pp. was to make a public institutional model of touristry, mass engagement of the population in different countries of t ourer activities, beef uping and enlargement of logistics touristry. In the 2nd half of the 30 s pp. Ukraine has taken the first stairss in making touristry substructure. During this period, began to run installations tourers and tourer cantonments in Kiev, Trypillia Kano, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya. Attention is paid to development and hotel direction. 1. Politics ukrainization Tourism Development in Ukraine Politicss Ukrainization, conducted by the Bolsheviks in 1923 1933 pp. , Contributed to national and religious resurgence of Ukraine. Indeed, at that clip there was a strong development of the Ukrainian linguistic communication, instruction, literature, theatre, media, descriptive anthropology, jaunt concern. These procedures took topographic point against the background of outlooks of the Ukrainian clerisy to develop new conditions in the Ukrainian civilization, carry people cognition and instruction. Therefore, Ukrainian creative persons, scientists, traditional knowledge in his work showed high dedication, forfeit, enthusiasm. During the national-cultural resurgence in Ukraine has gained weight touristry and jaunt concern. Adventure considered as an of import tool, a method of educational, cultural, and educational work among the wider population. Excursion concern development support as cultural and scientific community and the Bolshevik authorities of Ukraine, although the undertakings were different. Celebrated scientists, lore Hrushevsky, Shcherbina, I. Hermayze, V. Artobolevskyy, D. Scherbakivskyy, M. Bilyashivsky, S. Rusova and many others laminitiss of tourer and jaunt concern, tried utilizing a broad application Tourss to educate people, to resuscitate its historical memory, to intensify the historical cognition, ballad in the consciousness of the many attractive forces tourers need to continue the past, national-cultural heritage that promote the religious development of people. A cogent evidence of regional revival motion is a tourer and jaunt work in Chernihiv in the 20 s pp. Despite the highly hard political state of affairs ( civil war ) , already in 1919 on the enterprise of local intellectuals in Chernigov at the Union of Educators have a Bureau of jaunts. Following, in 1920 it was subordinated to the guiding and exhibition ( ulterior jaunts and museum exhibitions ) portion the structural unit of the provincial Department of Education. Goals, which set a travel bureau, formulated as: give an thought of # 8203 ; # 8203 ; the history of Chernigov, Chernigov outskirts of nature, of economic life, cultural accomplishments in the local life. It worked a few rhythms tours natural history, historical and archeological, literary and artistic, production. At the same clip developed tourer and jaunt paths to Baturin, Lyubech, Sednyeva where, surrounded by beautiful nature myluvaly oculus legion memorials of history and civilization. Since travel bureaus are presently join forcesing on a lasting footing which best scientific potency of Chernigov, known historiographers, archeologists, ethnographers S. Baran-Butovych, V. Drozdov, V. Dubrovsky, B. Pilipenko, V. Shugayevsky. In 1924 circuit desk made subservient Chernihiv Historical Museum, wh ich will shortly absorbed it as a separate construction. In 1931, the cast of the Ukrainian Committee of Cultural printed usher is designed for tourers in Novgorod-Seversky State Reserve, in the freshly created local a August 6 Monastery. 2. Museum of local traffic as a sort of jaunt Local traditional knowledge acquired motion spread to other parts of Ukraine However, the Bolshevik authorities and party variety meats have non set a end to continue for future coevalss, the Cossack grave and churches on the Dnieper. They sought to utilize touristry and jaunts as a tool of ideological influence on the population to organize a socialist consciousness, the beliefs of people of the advantages of the socialist system. Excursion work defined one of the major webs in political instruction and instruction of the multitudes and occupied an of import topographic point in the cultural development of the state. Constitution of state-level execution has required centralised direction jaunt bureaus to their institutional and fiscal strengthening. Therefore, there was an nonsubjective demand for them together in one cultural-economic composite. The procedure of creative activity of tourist-excursion took topographic point in phases, with the debut of assorted signifiers of direction and ordinance of dealingss with higher governments. Almost 20 old ages touristry and rubber-necking activities in Ukraine organized the undermentioned construction: Excursion and Exhibition and Museum Department Commissariat USSR ( Eumenes, 1919-1928 ) , Ukrainian mixed installations for medium category circuit company ( UMPET, 1928-1929 ) , Joint Ukrture ( 1926 -1930 ) . Tours widely used larning procedure of a new labour school and school instruction, it was given great importance as an effectual agencies of proletarian instruction and communist instruction of the multitudes. Since 1919 in non-school section Comm issariat USSR begins work Excursion and Exhibition and Museum Section. With its creative activity took the chance to form a individual centre consolidation and coordination of all jaunts in Ukraine and widely deploy it at the province degree. This subdivision began to run in many provincial sections of instruction. For illustration, Section Eumenes Odessa hubnar instruction instantly organized a circuit desk. From 1920 p. , after reorganisation of the out-of, tour started on the right topic to the Central Committee of the political instruction of the democracy. The Committee has directed its activities chiefly on a individual web organisation politustanov USSR. The determination was approved at the Committee Meeting of propagandistic political instruction ( 1922 p. ) . It has greatly contributed to the creative activity of tourer and jaunt installations. Harmonizing to the theses and declarations of the Meeting, Eumenes developed its proviso of tourer and sightseeing installations in all territorial and administrative countries counties, territories, states and others. Depending on the work load, location, they were divided into paragraphs Tourss, jaunts base jaunt commune. All this construction accomplishes tour base circuit and All commune. The chief undertaking of this construction of toure r and jaunt installations was the fact that by forming the work in topographic point, expand it throughout Ukraine. Excursion points opened in distant towns and small towns in nines industry, silbudah. Excursion base in topographic points rich in historical memorials, every bit good as attractive climatic conditions. Excursion commune in the county, provincial and regional metropoliss. They led the work of tour points and bases by seeking the most effectual usage. In ekskurskomunah were: guiding and exhibition suites, libraries, research labs for research stuffs gathered during the circuit, a workshop for piecing them into museum pieces, inns for tourers and excursionists. In ekskurskomunah was a important work force: the caput of the commune, the caput of the museum, research lab teachers, workshops and library Tourss organiser and leader, caput of the residence hall. Entire jaunt was two-stage web Eumenes. The first phase the centre of mass jaunt of that operated in rural places, the 2nd taking establishments of provincial, regional and countrywide significance. Therefore, the system of tour er and jaunt based establishments on the footing of strong internal communicating and perpendicular direction strategies. The activities and beef uping independent of its enlargement, opening new installations tour. This procedure is particularly active after the acceptance in 1922 of the Code of popular instruction, in the 2nd subdivision, which individually considered the issue of organizing a web of jaunt. So, if in 1923 the section of Kharkiv Eumenes hubpolitosvity operated ekskurspunktiv 1930, the lone one coverage period 1923-1924 pp. they opened 30 more. The web besides included many Eumenes ekskursbaz who worked for big endeavors and establishments, which frequently conducted Tourss. Merely in Kharkov them there were 39. Excursion and Exhibition and Museum nay section for the about decade-long activity laid the foundation of the province of touristry and rubber-necking installations, and created all the requirements for their farther development. A demand for this was highly big for the terminal of 20 s pp. characterized by a crisp rise in tourist-excursion motion, which had non merely organized but besides self-generated signifier. Current Tours establishments could no longer run into the demands of everyone to take portion in tourer travel, their paths were laid non merely for Ukraine but besides in the Union. Significantly increased ekskursbazah welcome tourers. So, for the farther development of tourer and jaunt concern had to concentrate it in the new construction that would cover merely jaunt concern development. Remember that Eumenes, in add-on to jaunts, exhibitions and managed as museums. So in 1928 at the enterprise of People s Comiss created a new construction Ukrainian assorted installations for medium category circuit company ( UMPET ) or the Tour Company. Sovnarcom USSR Central Executive Committee and in 1929 adopted a declaration on the publicity work UMPETu. It was noted that UMPET has become a prima centre jaunt truly work in Ukraine. UMPET began to quickly spread out its operations, utilizing all the economic and methodological potency, which was accumulated Eumenes Commissariat Department. The basic way of his work lies in farther development of web fac ilities tour. For practical actions in this respect, the importance was the acceptance of Regulation and RNA USSR Central Executive Committee from August 28, 1928 on the dismissal of republican and local revenue enhancements Ukrainian assorted ration companies. It opened before UMPETom important chances for rapid institutional and economic development. After all privileges extended to all subdivisions, offices, bureaus, Tourss Base Society, organized at his eating house closed, conveyance, sightseeing bases at booths for sale methodical and local history books and industry equipment for touristry. And in his first tourer season 1928 1929 pp. UMPET from February 16 to October 1, 1929 increased its capital to 59 800 rubles. The development of tourer and jaunt concern and determined those privileges that are granted to participants of jaunts and trips. Comparative analysis of pay workers and the monetary value of the license indicates that the economic state of affairs in Ukraine in the 20 s pp. was hard, and therefore the material chances of workers were low. their wages in 1925 -1926 pp. amounted to 44 rubles 80 kopeks. in 1926-1927 pp. 54 rubles 58 kopecks. , 1927 1928 pp. 61 rubles 70 kopeks. Monetary values for licenses were different, depending on distance, length of path. For illustration, the Volga boat trip for 12 yearss cost 58 rubles, in Crimea for 10 yearss 38 rubles, a circuit along the Kyiv Dnipro Dniprelstan for 11 yearss cost 24 rubles, Donbass Dniprelstan Krivorizhzhya for 12 yearss 30 rubles. So, before the regulating organic structures of touristry and jaunt concern had a end to assist convey the cost of trips to the material possibilities of the working category, peasantry and discipleship. The inquiry of privileged tourers bit by bit solved, albeit with great trouble. Yes, the budget Commissariat USSR in 1926-1927 pp. was envisaged to apportion 30 000 rubles for jaunts among the pupils and robitfahivtsiv, 3000 rubles among the provincials. For illustration, in work outing the issue of privileged schools, secondary and higher instruction establishments supported by such a papers: Instruction manuals on the usage of jaunt menu duty set by Resolution Committee NKSHS ( People s Commissariat of Railways ) on June 28, 1923 Valuable was the fact that, harmonizing to the instructions, the applicable menu for rail and inland waterway conveyance in 75 % of her pupil price reductions for tour groups of all educational establishments was a valid and preparation for research workers and research establishments. Each Holovko Commissariat was responsible representative to apportion concessional fund for distribution among the circuit groups subordinate establishments. To have discriminatory certifications tour organiser had to subject to the Commissariat a written statement saying the purpose trips, the figure of tourers ( pupils and instructors individually ) with a nominal list, the names of all points of Michigans and continuance of each halt, conveyance, use the group going day of the month and clip return group. Obtained in the Commissariat certification to obtain tickets at reduced menu in hard currency predyavlyaly with voucher, stamped Commissariat and the Central Finance Department. On the discriminatory ticket prostavlyaly ticket figure and license figure. Discriminatory duty provided jaunt group of at least 10 pupils and 5 instructors and research workers. Duration of circuit should non transcend two months. Allowed to do four long halt. Harmonizing to the Regulations on the usage of privileged jaunt menus from August 3, 1928 p. , each certification to be given per individual. Talon and certifications can be used merely for individual trips. To utilize concession tickets expedient, it was recommended to carry on long-haul trips. Using privileged jaunt tickets became more active, and in 1927 the People s Commissariat of Education was able to administer them to school territories for public instruction, instructors colleges, parttime workers colleges, agricultural schools. 3. Discriminatory policies tourer and jaunt activities ukraine resurgence jaunt tourer Introduction of discriminatory policy and promoted the acceptance by the Council of People s Commissars of USSR governing on the operational programs of the USSR People s Commissariat of Education in 1927 1928 academic twelvemonth. The declaration, in peculiar, celebrated the great multitudes train grownups and young person in cultural and educational Tourss and harmonizing to this determination was taken: draw on the work of jaunt installations and increase the figure of concessional tickets. In 1929 on the footing of Council of Labour and Defence of the USSR on the distribution of concessional rail tickets for tourer motion in Ukraine was split 49 000 concessional tickets. All grant tickets concentrated in UMPETi released and organisations for their orders for organized Tours. Benefits sightseers provided non merely transit services but besides in abode. They could use for a licence UMPETu, which gave the right to dismiss the monetary value of Ukrainian tourer bases to 33 % on the bases of Soviet tourers up to 20 % . The government construction, including UMPET, put on the usage of inducements as a long and close to, local jaunts. Dnipropetrovsk travel bureau gave sightseers price reduction for travel in ropewaies and coachs. Kharkov travel bureau took in its embarkation tourers to the state even free of charge. It should be noted that the benefits provided for travel by rail autos in general, on ships in the lower categories depending on category, milage, figure of excursionists. Discount tickets can be from 50 to 25 % . Therefore, the discriminatory policy analysis 20-x pp. shows that it was limited, but acted in such hard economic conditions, which allowed to pull the wide multitudes of people into active touristry and jaunt activities. UMPET determine the specific capablenesss of each establishment in footings of sightseeing the most effectual economic benefits. In peculiar he was concerned about bettering the quality of field operations, which significantly helped increase profitableness. For farther branching of the regional field jaunts UMPET opened all new Tourss establishment. Harmonizing to the declaration to the All-excursion meeting of 30 in September 1928 on the consequences and chances of UMPETu, merely he was given the first right to form and construct a sightseeing base. The determination was made with the purpose of concentrating economic constituent jaunt concern in one construction. The primary undertaking of the Society was the maximal cove rage of tourers on jaunts ekskursbazah in all parts of the state. To make this, planned to split Ukraine into 20 territories with the assignment in each of them authorized the Company. Based on the existent economic state of affairs in Ukraine, UMPET organized as unit community that was being supported by equity parts from the regional instruction governments. He spent a great occupation to pull the widest possible sections of the population to take part in the Company. However, limited fiscal resources were non given chances to garner the needed figure of units for the building of new circuit bases. Organizational formation UMPETu carried out within a really short clip, which was due shortly response edifices and belongings: transferring ekskursbaz was held from November 15 to December 1, 1928 p. , and their readying for the new tourer season was completed by April 1, 1929, nevertheless, despite all troubles, ekskursbazy in the first twelvemonth began to run in Kharkiv, Kyiv, Dnipr opetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya, Dniprelstan, Odessa. Gradually ekskursbaz web grew, covering other metropoliss of Ukraine Donetsk, Nikopol, Donetsk, Berdyansk, Sumy, Poltava, Uman, Vinnitsa, Kamianets-cording Podolsky. Ukrainian tourer opened outside Ukraine: in Moscow, Leningrad, Alushta, Simferopol, Kerch, Evpatoria, Bakhchisarai Gurzufe, Kutaisi, Nalchik, Makhachkala. During the tourer season 1928 1929 pp. it was already over 40, and by 1931 was planned to open more than 20. Organizational activity UMPETu quickly embraced all the new parts of the Union democracies. To maintain the jaunt web had to work out many economic and fiscal jobs, complete tourer installations the staff, set up the work of libraries, research labs, etc. turn overing points. There were some troubles and the common colonies between regulating tourer bureaus of Ukraine and other Soviet democracies on the district of which worked ekskursbazy. Therefore, Ukrainian circuit company acted in 1929 with a proposal to make an all-USSR jaunt council whose members would all Tourss of the Union. Presidency of the Council had such exercising general direction of all jaunt allied organisations coordinate their activities. UMPET even rais ed the issue to the constitution of the Council no longer necessitate to construct ekskursbazy outside Ukraine. This would let pay more attending to developing this jaunt concern in Ukraine. UMPET considered necessary to form the All-Union Joint Stock Company with its members on equal footings to all included Tourss of the Union. It should be noted that this was merely about koordynuvalnu function of the company. In the same period in the RSFSR launched readyings for a new company, which was called the Association of Proletarian Tourism. However, the ultimate end of his organisation differs from the proposed UMPETom. It was non to fall in on equal footings, and the full accession to it of all republican administration constructions, their meeting with the subsequent surcease of self-employment. In this respect, was programmed in progress of the Society of proletarian touristry RSFSR sole rights to pull off touristry and jaunt concern in the Federal degree. Such a extremist restructuring of touristry and sightseeing installations reflect the policy of centralisation of direction, which intensified in all countries in the USSR, which is progressively turned into a unitary province. From November 1929 to work officially starts Society of Proletarian Tourism RSFSR. The company began to open subdivisions and offices in Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan and other democracies. So, in 1930 and reorganized UMPET jaunt concern in Ukraine began to pull off the proletarian touristry company, more exactly, his office Ukrture, which was officially approved at a meeting Sovnarkoma USSR. Since so, touristry in Ukraine has become an built-in portion of touristry in the USSR, has lost its face, pidporyadkuvavsya all cardinal establishments and ordinances.

Studies on Entrepreneurship Development for Graduate in Maiduguri Borno State Implication for Counselling Strategies free essay sample

Studies on Entrepreneurship Development for Graduate in Maiduguri Borno State: Implication for Counselling Strategies By Umar Goni NCE, B. ED. M. ED. (Asst. Lecturer) Department of Education University of Maiduguri [emailprotected] com, Umara Mustapha NCE, B. A. ED. M. ED. (Chief Tutor) Department of Education University of Maiduguri and Ali Mburza B. A. ED. M. ED PhD Department of Education University of Maiduguri [emailprotected] com Abstract This is an empirical study designed to investigate entrepreneurship development for graduates in Maiduguri Borno State: Implications for counselling strategies. Four research objectives were set and four research questions were answered in this study. A survey method was employed, an instrument tagged Entrepreneurship Development Among Youths in Borno State Questionnaire (SEDAYQ) was developed and validated by the researchers, the questionnaire elicit information on youths ability and inability to become entrepreneurs. The questionnaire also elicit information on age, personal background, educational level, moral support, family background and personal experience in the area of interest, data were analyzed using frequency count nd percentages. We will write a custom essay sample on Studies on Entrepreneurship Development for Graduate in Maiduguri Borno State: Implication for Counselling Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The findings of study revealed types of entrepreneurship engaged by youths in Borno State, Causes of youths’ engagement in entrepreneurship, Government role in assisting entrepreneurs and Problems encountered by the graduates in entrepreneurship. Counselling strategies were also provided to graduates, government and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) on how to develop, assist and improve entrepreneurship among Borno State graduates and to become self reliant in the society. Key Words: Entrepreneurship, Development, Graduates Counselling Strategies Introduction The idea of Entrepreneurship is not new in Nigeria; it had existed even before the coming of the colonial masters. The prominence being gained by entrepreneurship in the present time is borne out of the need to address the octopus called unemployment which is facing our society; entrepreneurship is associated with different kinds of activities that have to do with the establishment of business enterprises. Such activities may include identification of investment opportunities, deciding what opportunities to exploit for profit, promotion and establishment of business enterprise. Others include pooling of various resources needed for production and distribution of goods and services, organization and management of human and materials resources for the attainment of the objectives of the enterprise, as well as risk bearing and innovation. Thus the effective performance of the above activities is very vital to start, growth and survival of any business enterprise. Entrepreneurship is a significant factor in the process of the economic development of any nation like Nigeria. Entrepreneurial development is meant to facilitate enterprise development and skill acquisition in order to reduce dependence on the existing employment market. It also entails the objective of motivating the individual to explore the possibility of exploiting the abundant resources in this country as entrepreneur. No wonder governments, nongovernmental organization, companies, humanitarians and individuals are now interested in empowering the people to create Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). This increased interest has been fostered by such factors in recognition that small firms play a major role in job creation and innovation as well as a vehicle for social and economic development and dependence on government (Ihekwoaba, 2007) There are two sources of funds to take up an entrepreneurship; they are internal and external sources. The internal source refers to the entrepreneur’s private sources such as personal saving and family and friend’s contributions. On the other hand, the external source refers to borrowed funds from the formal sector such as the wealthy individual, Banks, loan from cooperative societies, government investment cooperation and capital market. Entrepreneurship according to Chambers 20th Centaury Dictionary (1985), the root word to entrepreneurship is an undertaking. On the other hand, an ‘entrepreneur’ is referred to as the individual who undertakes an enterprise especially a commercial one often at a personal risk. Entrepreneurship according to Timmons (2006) is the process of bringing together creative and innovative ideas and coupling these with management, organization and skills in order to combine man, money machineries and other resources to meet an identified need thereby creating wealth. Hirsch and Peters (2005) sees entrepreneurship as the process of creating something new and with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial, physic and social risks and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and independence. From the above definition it can be inferred that entrepreneurship is an initiative, imagination, flexibility, creativity and the willingness to think conceptually and capacity to see change as an opportunity. Entrepreneurship therefore, involves the identification and exploitation of opportunities to innovate. Bridge, Neil Cromic (2003) postulated that entrepreneurship is the willingness and ability of an Individual or group of persons to search for investment opportunities, establish and run a business successfully. In other words, entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new business in response to identified opportunities. Statement of the Problem Nigerian school leavers have low achievement motivation and risk taking behaviour. They do not invest independently to achieve success in personally determined ventures; rather they roam about seeking for employment on already flourishing organizations. Graduates of Universities and indeed tertiary institutions loiter around for several years without setting up a business of their own. Today, not only graduates of tertiary institutions in Maiduguri foraged the State capital (Maiduguri) in search of employment, but graduates from other sister States all over the country. This makes it necessary to look into how this predicament will be reduced or completely eliminated. It is a well known fact that both local and State governments in Borno have not employed graduates of all categories in the State for long. Hence these unemployed graduates parade themselves in the State in search of unavailable white collar jobs. Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study were to determine the following: 1-Types of entrepreneurship engaged in by graduates in Borno State 2-Causes of youths’ engagement in entrepreneurship in Borno State 3-Government assistance to graduates entrepreneurs in Borno State 4-Problems encountered by graduate entrepreneurs in Borno State Research Questions The following questions were answered in this study: 1. What are the types of entrepreneurship engaged in by graduates in Borno State? 2. What are the causes of youths’ engagement in entrepreneurship in Borno State? 3. Does government provide assistance to graduate entrepreneurs in Borno State? . What are the problems encountered by graduate entrepreneurs in Borno State? Methodology A survey method was employed in this study, an instrument tagged Entrepreneurship Development Among Youths in Borno State Questionnaire (EDAYQ) was develop and validated by the researchers, the questionnaire elicit information on youths ability and inabi lity to become entrepreneurs. The questionnaire also elicits information on age, personal background, educational level, support, family background and personal experience in the area of interest. The target population for the study was the entire youths in Borno State. However, eight hundred and eighty nine were sampled for this study. Purposive and Volunteer sampling techniques were used to select the samples. Only youths who are graduates and were engaged in entrepreneurship and s have volunteered to fill in the questionnaire were used. Data was analyzed using frequency counts and percentages. Results and Discussion Research Question One: What are the types of entrepreneurship engaged in by graduates in Borno State? Table 1: Types of Entrepreneurship Engaged in by Youths in Borno State by Gender Types of EntrepreneurshipFrequencyMale PercentagesFemalePercentages Cap making and washing 39283. 4 111. 23 Petty trading 138647. 19 748. 32 Road side mechanics 10310311. 58 Driving 12612614. 17 Dying13050. 56 080. 89 Gold/black smithing16161. 79 Live stock/fish farming 41202. 24212. 36 Dry cleaning48485. 39 Barbing /hairdressing 80202. 24606. 79 Vulcanizing26262. 92 Food selling24040. 44 202. 24 Bricklaying 06060. 67 Key cutting 07070. 78 D. V. D plate sales/ recording03020. 22 010. 11 Recharge cards/news paper vending14101. 12 040. 44 Welding21212. 36 Table one shows the types of entrepreneurship engaged in by youths in Borno State. From the sixteen entrepreneurship programmes expressed by the respondents, it is evident to see that more males engage in driving and road side mechanics while the females engage in petty trading and hair dressing. It is also evident from the findings of this study that the entrepreneurships programmes are stereotype in nature this is because no female graduate participated in entrepreneurship programmes such as road side mechanics, driving, gold/black smithing dry cleaning, vulcanizing, bricklaying, key cutting and welding. These entrepreneurships are traditionally seen as male oriented occupations. Research Question Two: What are the causes of youths’ engagement in entrepreneurship in Borno State? Table 2: Causes of Youths’ Engagement in Entrepreneurship in Borno State Causes FrequencyMale PercentagesFemale Percentages Poverty 2921301. 6216218. 22 Unemployment 50835239. 5915617. 54 Pressure from parents 89232. 58667. 42 Table 2 revealed unemployment, poverty and pressure from parents as the reasons for the youths’ engagement in entrepreneurship programmes in Borno State. None of the respondents indicated personal interest in the programmes. This is an indication that the youths are forced by circumstances for engaging in the entrepreneurships. Research Question Three: Does government provide assistance to graduate entrepreneurs in Borno State? Table 3: Government Assistance to Graduate Entrepreneurs in Borno State Assistance FrequencyMale PercentagesFemale Percentages Provided 00 Not Provided 88950556. 80 38443. 19 Table three shows that out of the 889 (505 males and 384 females) youths that participated in this study none of them indicated that they have received any assistance from the government in establishing the entrepreneurship they engage in. This is unhealthy for youth development and national development. Research Question Four: What are the problems encountered by graduate entrepreneurs in Borno State? Table 4: Problems Encountered by Graduate Entrepreneurs in Borno State Problem FrequencyMale PercentagesFemale Percentages Lack of Capital40120122. 6120022. 49 Lack of Support112829. 22303. 37 Rent Problem31217619. 7913615. 29 Lack of Electricity 53455. 06080. 89 No Problem11010. 11101. 12% Table four shows that lack of capital, lack of support, rent problem and lack of electricity as the problems they face in running the entrepreneurship they have established. Only 11(1 male and 10 females) revealed that they had no problem in establishing their entrepreneurship. Counselling Strategies -Youths should be encouraged to establish small scale businesses which will make them self employed instead of waiting for white collar jobs which are not forth coming. This could be done through assisting the youths with soft loans. -Youths should also be encouraged through counselling to develop personal interest in entrepreneurship programmes not necessarily get involved only when they are pushed to the world by unemployment as was the case in this study. Governments at all levels should endeavour to assist youths who are interested in establishing their own businesses by subsidizing electricity and shop charges. The government official could be reached through workshop and seminars. Recommendations Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made: 1. From the entrepreneurship programmes indicated by the youths in this study, it is evident that the youths’ exposure for entrepreneurship is too limited. Thus, they should be encouraged to explore more entrepreneurship programmes that would demand less capital to start. This could be done through mounting of campaigns on radio and television. 2. Government and Non governmental Organizations should assist youths with soft capital to establish their sown Business. 3. Borno State government should establish Entrepreneurship Board which should take charge of assisting youths with revolving capital to establish their own Business. 4. Government and private organizations should establish companies and industries where youths should be employed after graduation. References Bridge, S. O. Neil, K. Cromic, S. (2003). Understanding enterprise, Entrepreneurship and Small- Business. London: Palgrave Chambers 20th Century Dictionary (1985). England : Pearson Education Limited Hirsch, R. D. and Peters, M. P. (2005). Entrepreneurship, New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. Ihekwoaba, M. (2007). Entrepreneurship in vocational technical education, Lagos: Mukugamu Brother Enterprises Timmons, J. (2006). What is entrepreneurship, Colinbus USA Retrieved from www. entre-ed. org 22nd August 2010.

Recommendation for a web server software package

Recommendation for a web server software package Web pages have transformed from the traditional collection of products and services on a site, to a more specific content for the clients. Random Walk Shoes targets a big audience of customers. Therefore, it requires web server software that enables it to serve the big audience of clients. Such software provides dynamic pages which allow the clients to search for the information they require by simply typing hints or a clicking the mouse. In this case, the web site is customized to provide web page files effectively.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Recommendation for a web server software package specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Client Script Writing Software This software is controlled by the actions of the client. The change in the information displayed on the web page is solely determined by the client’s commands. It is convenient for clients because, it gives them the opportunity to access the informa tion they want at their own convenience. However, the clients may not learn of other pages available and explore the diverse products and services available. They may end up accessing only what they are interested in. On such occasions, the company misses the opportunity to introduce other products and services to the clients. Server Side Script Writing Software Server side script writing software runs in response to the specific information relayed by a web client. When clients search for a particular piece of information, they get a wide range of information that allows them to choose what best suits them. It means that the client is likely to learn of other products and services which may not have been pre-conceived. Such website software acts as a selling tool for the organization, informing the targeted audience of the value that comes with the purchase of such products. However, this form of software greatly controls the kind of content that clients can access. This may disc ourage clients who are specific and want to learn of a particular product only. When the software offers a wide range of product designs for the clients, they may feel that they are delayed from accessing the services. This is not convenient to clients who are particular in the choice of the information that they want. Recommendation Random Walk Shoes expects 3,000 clients to open at least 23 pages in a given session. This indicates that the clients will share the servers IP address. For this to work effectively, virtual server will be used to facilitate the use of multiple domain names while referring to one single web server. Server side scripting software is the most convenient for Random Walk Shoes. It will represent the company to the clients. When clients have adequate product knowledge, they have the confidence to purchase such products. Given that the organization’s products will be new in the market, clients may not be specific of what they want. They are likely to visit the website to get information at random. Server side scripting will provide more information and this will interest the clients to explore and learn more about the products. Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through this website, the organization will grant its clients flexible offers which will in turn translate into sales. Clients will feel secure when visiting the website; this promises a greater audience in the future. Unlike the client script writing software which offers just what the client wants; server side script software will serve Random Walk Shoes’ clients better.

Incorporating Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development into the Justice Assignment

Incorporating Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development into the Justice System - Assignment Example This enables people to live in peace and harmony. Criminal justice refers to the system of government institutions and practices that have been entrusted to maintain social control; deter crime and punish the individuals who deviate from the accepted principles of social justice. Law enforcement officers are part of the criminal justice. This means that they should uphold justice by following the accepted concepts and principles of fairness and moral uprightness (Dawson, 2002). Law enforcement officers are responsible for providing fair punishment and rehabilitation of individuals who violate the societal laws. This assists in deterring various forms of crime and maintaining peace within the society. They should ensure that there is justice by applying a level platform in all their practices, thus ensure equality and fairness. This prevents biases and restricts some individuals from deviating from the accepted principles. In today’s society, few people have confidence in the criminal justice due to the inequality applied by the law enforcement officers when performing their duties. Law enforcement officers should perform their mandates effectively by protecting individual rights and rendering equal treatment to every individual in the society irrespective of their education, wealth, social status, race or income among other factors. Law enforcement officers should render justice by following the rule of the law. Corruption and other social ills stem from the fact that some law enforcement officers do not follow the rule of the law. They protect the criminal, therefore, promoting oppression among the innocent victims. Lastly, the law enforcement officers should ensure that they deliver services with compassion. This is in reference to the treatment of the people who have broken the law. They should be rehabilitated and punished accordingly, therefore, making them useful members of the society.

Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diversity - Research Paper Example This paper will present comparison of the economic situations coming from records of the years that have gone from the glorious years of being the top economic nation till modern day situation. The researcher will give insights on the markers of economic stability such as increasing unemployment rate, poverty and decreasing annual gross domestic product and the countless possible ways of reversing or sustaining the after effect of economic threats through finding researched trends and strategies. Key words: economy, economic stability, trends, strategies Introduction The ever changing economic arena has been fast evolving. Everyday economic activities are aimed at somehow one particular thing, which is to produce, to provide or to earn. The United States is known worldwide for its dynamic leadership and stability in world economy. It has fought many battles from history to be able to come up and build a structure that would sustain the vast needs of the country. It has lead many nati ons worldwide in setting foot marks to follow as an example of sturdy economic flow amidst all national issues and concerns. It has provided the American people with stable economic market to hold on to and has lifted the standards of living within its premises for the past 50 years or so. Does the sturdy wall of United States Economy has finally come to its peak and needs a reconstruction or remodeling? What was the weakest link in the economy that the government failed to set support that led to its sudden collapse affecting the entire economic stability? What could the government have done to foresee such changes in the global economy so that further decline would be avoided and future blows of economic changes would no longer affect the stability of the economy? This essay will go over the current trend in the economy and in a way to enhance the economic status of the country by means suggesting effective economic strategies that were backed up with studies that can be used by t he government as well in establishing more profitable and recession proof businesses that could sustain the downfall in the economy. Global Trends and Strategy within the United States The current economic situation: Where is United States now? Nothing seemed to be constant about living rather than the changes it continuously incur. Even if the United States have sustained to be in the lead in economic strength for the longest time still the cycles of change puts such leader into no exception. The global economic market has recently experienced an unexpected downfall and the sturdy American State and even other highly developed and leading countries were caught off guard of the unexpected surprise that brought economic storm around the globe. Recession shook the American economy and has led to many dismay—closure of many production and business establishments, prices rising, increasing rate of unemployment, decrease purchasing power of US dollar, decreasing work benefits and increasing rates of low paying jobs converted from previously high paying jobs just to sustain the challenged business. According to a source this has been a tumultuous decade for the United States. During the first 10 years of the 21st Century many unforeseeable events have happened that affected the national economy-- there was a major

BUSINESS GLOBALISATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BUSINESS GLOBALISATION - Essay Example Trading Blocs A trading bloc refers to the agreement between certain countries to reduce trade restrictions, tariffs and other trade barriers for each other while imposing strict trade barriers with other nonmember nations. Without any doubts, trade blocs like ‘European Economic Community’ (ECC) and ‘North American Free Trade Agreement’ (NAFTA) exist because they provide great advantages to the member nations (Prempeh, Mensah & Adjibolosoo, pp. 98-99, 2004). First, large markets created through trading blocs allow production to take place in bulk, which in turn means that firms can take advantage of economies of scale. Second, companies within the trading blocs come closer to each other, which lead to greater competition (Wiarda, pp. 93-98, 2007). Quite understandably, greater competition leads to higher level of efficiency. Third, when tariffs decrease due to trade blocs, the cost of imports goes down and consumers can purchase products with lower prices. F ourth, an individual country may not enjoy that political and economic authority over the globe but a group of countries certainly can have their voice heard (Rossi, pp. 304-305, 2007). In fact, this remains the biggest possible advantage of trade blocs that they allow the members to become interdependent on each other thus making them less vulnerable to the external shocks. Fifth, trade blocs reduce the transactions costs for all the members thus allowing the trade the trade to happen with lesser monetary and time costs (Ervin & Smith, pp. 185-186, 2008). Changes in the Balance of Trade in during 20th century Without any doubts, the world is a completely changed place as compared to what it was a century ago. The world has undergone a complete transformation in the 20th century and the same is true for world trade. The balance of trade refers to the total value of exports minus the value of imports of a country during the given year. The balance of world trade in the past century h as changed largely. During the early days of the 20th century, most of the countries at that time used to avoid trade deficits and considered it as bad for the economy. The process of Globalisation was slow and most economies comparatively were closed economies. However, as of the data of CIA for the year 2010, out of the 191 countries on their list, only 61 countries or 32 percent of the countries had a trade surplus and the rest of the them were showing trade deficits. Quite understandably, this refers to the fact that the balance of the world trade in totality is in negative giving a trade deficit. The biggest trade deficit was for the economic superpower United States of America with 561 billion US dollars (Steger, pp. 74-78, 2010). Furthermore, even economic powers like United Kingdom, India, France, Brazil, Canada, and Australia had deficits of more than 35 billion US dollars (Steger, pp. 74-78, 2010). However, upcoming Asian giants China, Japan, and Germany remain at the top of list with trade surpluses of 272, 166, and 162 billion US dollars (Steger, pp. 74-78, 2010). Economies of Scale With Globalisation and increasing international trade, economies of scale have emerged as an extremely important factor in expansion and production of various industries. Economies of scale refer to ‘the phenomenon where the cost per unit decreases with increasing production’ (Rossi, pp. 304-305, 2007). It allows the firm to lower its costs and gain greater market share or the firm may decide to maintain the

Peace And Stability In Afghanistan Politics Essay

Peace And Stability In Afghanistan Politics Essay Even after almost eight years of international communitys efforts in Afghanistan the instability and turbulence has increased rather than abated. Not only has Afghanistan seen ever increasing levels of violence and loss of life the virus of instability and culture of violence has also spread across the Durand line with hardly any silver line on the horizon. A deadly insurgency, higher opium production, increasing civilian casualties, rampant corruption, an unstable neighbourhood and an uncertain political future remain the defining features of the complex and combustible situation that obtains in Afghanistan. Much of the initial euphoria generated after the fall of Taliban in 2001 has dissipated and those advances made in the fields of education and womens rights have been overshadowed. The prospects for preventing Afghanistan from being sucked into this whirlpool of chaos appear bleaker than ever.  [1]   2. Americas Af-Pak policy which was announced in end of March 2009, needs to be scrutinised to gauge its progress and success or otherwise. The main pillars of this strategy were based on not only in increase of force levels but also on increase of the resources devoted to economic development and coordination among international donors building Afghan governing structures primarily at local level reforming the Afghan government expanding and reforming the Afghan security forces and trying to improve Pakistans efforts to curb militant activity on its soil. The strategy also included negotiations with Taliban figures that were willing to enter the political process. After the Presidential election there is a need to again review the security, governance and development and aid structures and delivery mechanisms. 3. Major factor impacting the situation in Afghanistan is the continued resurgence of Taliban due to a host of contextual factors. The Taliban is estimated to have a permanent presence in 72 per cent of Afghanistan; its hold being strang not only in its bastions of the South but also in the East, where it literally runs a parallel government. Moreover the insurgency is spreading in a manner in which it has begun to ring the capital city of Kabul, with three of the four main roads leading to Kabul being rendered ensafe for Afghan or International travel. Successes against the Taliban, whether military or of winning hearts and minds have been limited as the Taliban appear to be striking at will with lethal forcw and is increasingly successful in the propaganda war. 4. Governance is another area where the noramal populace has been disillusioned with current dispensation. Endemic corruption plaguing much of the government machinery, especially the police and judiciary, both of which effect the evreryday life of the common man, has undermined credibility of the elected government and helped build up a degree of local support which stems more out of the Talibans ability to fill in the governance vacuum as opposed to ideological support for their cause. 5. Developmental aid has been delivered to Afganisthan in vast quantities but it is not visible on the ground. Fruits of this aid have yet to be tasted by the common people. Bonn process was followed by London Compact and there is an Afghan National Development Strategy (ANDS) for 15 years ahead but the timelines and benchmarks outlined in the same have not been adhered to. And the economic aid promised to realize the ANDS has also not been delivered whereas there is a massive spending by the NATO and Coalition forces to the tune of about US $20 billion a month. 6. How can, therefore, the international community improve on the delivery mechanisms and implementation measures? This remains one of the key questions in the current conundrum of security and development complicated further by weak governance. Surge indevelopment and aid funds and personnel planned as part of the Af-Pak strategy may help but some of the contextual core issues would yet need to be addressed before a positive outcome could be expected. 7. Looking at a wider perspective, how do the regional stake holders view the Afghan imbroglio? How can their varying perceptions be reconciled for the cause of common good? 8. Further, the presence of safe havens in Pakistans lawless frontier regions have played a seminal role in sustaining the insurgency in Afghanistan and fuelling instability in Pakistan, thus making it impossible to visualize a solution to the Afghan quagmire in isolation. 9. Given the above background what could be alternative future scenarios in Afghanistan say in next 4 to 5 years time and 8 to 10 years time keeping in mind the trends and drivers and possible triggers? Based on the emerging scenarios what should be the international communitys policy and strategy choices to ensure a favourable outcome? A broad range of critical issues affecting the Afghan environment need to be examined before a determination as to how to proceed further can be made. 10. Broadly, therefore, the seminar on peace and stability in Afghanistan and the way ahead is built around four themes of security, governance and examination of likely future scenarios and offering recommendations for policy and strategy choices which can be made now so as to move towards a better and brighter future for Afghanistan and in effect for rest of the international community. METHODOLOGY Statement of Problem 11. To analyze the effects of likely political instability in Afghanistan post withdrawal of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and its implications for India and policies that India needs to adopt to deal with this problem. Justification of Study 12. United States is increasing getting impatient in the affairs of Afghanistan wherein its policies are not delivering the desired results. It is likely to reduce its foot prints in that country and has accordingly set a deadline for withdrawal of ISAF. 13. The goal of US in Afghanistan is to defeat Al Qaeda and deny them the bases in that country, so as to improve its own homeland security. As per US, achievement of this goal is not dependent on creating an environment of political reconciliation in Afghanistan, which is difficult and time consuming. Rather its goal can be achieved by entering into an agreement with one entity: Taliban, who may agree to keep Al Qaeda out in exchange of returning back to power. Hypothesis 14. The return of Taliban or any civil war post de-induction of ISAF would hurt India dearly. India would prefer a sovereign, democratic secular Afghanistan which is not under the influence of powers inimical to our interests. 15. Therefore, India must ensure that the world community does not abandon Afghanistan at this crucial juncture and continue to provide for its political reconciliation and rehabilitation. In this regard, deployment of UN sponsored security forces with a much larger agenda than the ISAF is looked into, so as to allow the country to become strong both politically and economically. Methods of Data Collection 16. The study is primarily based on information gathered from books written by prominent Indian, foreign authors as well as information available on the internet. There has also been an attempt by me to analyse the events as they have unfolded and suggest possible options and own responses. Other sources of information are articles written in Indian, Pakistani, Western newspapers and news services such as the CNN and BBC as well as some defence journals. A bibliography of the sources is appended at the end of the text. Afghanistan being a very current topic has undergone a series of ups and downs during the course of my preparation of the dissertation. The Bonn Agreement is very relevant in todays context and is also attached as an appendix. Scope 17. The study will be covered under the following heads:- Chapter I Introduction Chapter II Geo strategic importance of Afghanistan to India Strategic location of Afghanistan Key to Energy Security Pakistans desire of achieving strategic depth by having control over Afghanistans polity Chapter III Brief history of Afghanistan post 9/11 Defeat of Taliban and set up of new Government Role of Pakistan in combating terrorism Chapter IV : Present imbroglio in Afghanistan. Failure of US policies in Afghanistan Growing frustration amongst US and NATO forces Poor governance by Karzai and growth of Taliban Chapter V : Likely Future Scenarios and Implications for India Withdrawal of US forces and re emergence of Taliban Depletion of US footprint and renewed violence Pakistan getting foothold in Afghanistan and involvement of Al Qaida in Kashmir Indian involvement reduced with a hostile government in Afghanistan Chapter VII Options Available To India Make efforts to ensure continuous presence of International security force in Afghanistan Involving UN in peace establishment in Afghanistan Continuing support to government in Afghanistan by undertaking rebuilding projects Chapter VIII : Conclusion. CHAPTER II BRIEF HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN POST 9/11 OP Enduring Freedom On September 20, 2001, in the wake of the September 11 attacks, US President George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban government of Afghanistan to turn over Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda leaders operating in the country or face attack. The Taliban demanded evidence of Bin Ladens link to the September 11 attacks and, if such evidence warranted a trial, they offered to handle such a trial in an Islamic Court. The US refused to provide any evidence. Subsequently, in October 2001, US forces along with UK and coalition allies invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On October 7, 2001, the official invasion began with British and US forces conducting air strike campaigns. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of Eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, the US and her allies fought within that region. Its believed that Osama bin-Laden escaped into Pakistan duri ng the battle. In March 2002, the United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces launched Operation Anaconda in the hopes that theyll destroy any remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the Shahi-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains of Afghanistan. The Taliban suffered heavy casualties and evacuated the region. The Taliban regrouped in Western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against the United States and her allies in late 2002. Formation of Civialian Government After Operation Enduring Freedom, Mujahideen loyal to the Northern Alliance and many other groups mustered support for a new government in Afghanistan. In December 2001, political leaders gathered in Germany to agree on new leadership structures for Afghanistan. Under the Bonn Agreement, an interim Transitional Administration was formed and Hamid Karzai was named the Chairman of a 29-member governing committee. On 13 June 2002, the Loya Jirga, appointed Karzai as the Interim President of the Afghan Transitional Administration.[28] The former members of the Northern Alliance remained extremely influential in the new dispensation. Hamid Karzai won the 2004 presidential election, and became President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. He defeated 22 opponents and become the first democratically elected leader of Afghanistan. Although his campaigning was limited due to fears of violence, elections passed without any significant incident in spite of a surge of insurgent activity.] 6. After Karzai was installed into power, his actual authority outside the capital city of Kabul was said to be so limited that he was often derided as the Mayor of Kabul. The situation was particularly delicate since Karzai and his administration had not been equipped either financially or politically to influence reforms outside of the region around the capital city of Kabul. Other areas, particularly the more remote ones, were historically under the influence of various local leaders. Karzai started making attempts to negotiate and form amicable alliances with them for the benefit of Afghanistan as a whole, instead of aggressively fighting them and risking an uprising. CHAPTER III BEGINNING OF CHAOS Americas Miscalculation President Bush, speaking at the Virginia Military Institute in the spring of 2002, proposed a Marshall Plan for Afghanistan and its neighbours that added up to state-building on a regional scale. But the post 9-11 Pentagon long stuck with a narrow, or sharp focus on wiping out Al Qaeda and the Taliban, with a corresponding under-focus on long-term development. Other agencies of the US Government struggled to advance their programs with little coordination either with the Pentagon or with one other, and with much micro-managing by e-mail from offices in Washington. But even had the Pentagon gotten it right or the other agencies been better coordinated, the program would still not have worked, for US policy (and UN policy as well) suffered from a birth defect. When the US finally toppled the Taliban, Tajiks from the Northern Alliance took control of Kabul. In a winner-take-all move, they immediately packed the government with their own supporters and relatives, to the exclusion both of Pashtuns, the largest group in the population, and minority Shia Hazaras. Eager to sidestep all dissension, the UNs Bonn meetings in December, 2001, ratified this dangerous status quo, while the Emergency Loya Jirga, held in June, 2002, then ratified the Bonn conferences mistakes. While U.S. officials talked bravely of working the situation, Northern Alliance leaders in Kabul effectively consolidated their hold on power. Marshall Fahim, confirmed in Bonn as Afghanistans Minister of Defense, kept his own militia lodged in the capital and cut personal deals with like-minded warlords elsewhere, greatly complicating the task of building a national army. Worse, he and his family seized control of key markets and other assets to create their own income stream, independent of Karzai and the Americans. Many Pashtuns, as they watched this unfold and noted their fellow-Pashtun Karzais inability to counteract it, went into a sullen opposition. A few resorted to armed opposition. Since most Taliban leaders had been Pashtun, this gave the appearance of a Taliban revival. In fact, it was worse, a new movement of Pashtuns and other groups aggrieved over having been excluded from the post-Taliban order. Because the US backed Karzai, they blamed their own marginaliza tion on America. This bitter mood gave rise to a new opposition and new insecurity. Charged with rooting out remnants of Al Qaeda and the Taliban, the US worked with whatever forces were at hand, including warlords, postponing to a later phase the achievement of balance within the Kabul government and the consolidation of state institutions. Light Footprint. Afghanistan was the least resourced of any American led nation building operation. There are 1.5 international soldiers for every 1000 persons in Afghanistan compared to 20.5 per 1000 in Kosovo, 19 in Bosnia, 10 in Sierra Leone and nearly 4 in Haiti. Post conflict stabilization operations require more troops and longer time than to win the initial fight. In fighting, firepower and technology enable smaller, more agile forces to prevail. But in post conflict stabilization and reconstruction, there is a need for more ground troops, money and time. Low levels of investment in military power and economic assistance in post conflict reconstruction lead to a low level of security, ineffective governance and poor economic growth. From the outset, two contradictory concepts drove international intervention in Afghanistan. The country was described as the major front of a global war on terror, yet the intervention was light footprint engagement. This light footprint continued to impair every aspect of reconstruction of Afghanistan .Taliban was removed from power, but neither their potential to return nor their external support was addressed. The focus on accomplishing short term security goals undermined the efforts at establishing positive long term trends. Mis governance The general opinion in Afghanistan is that the insurgency is rising because the people have lost faith in government. The security forces have failed to protect local villages and the institutions struggle to deliver basic services. The patience of people with government is breaking down and it in turn is favouring the return of Taliban. The afghan government had difficulty providing essential services to the population, especially in rural areas of the country. As per a World Bank report, the main beneficiary of assistance was the urban elite. This triggered deep seated frustration and resentment among rural population. The government suffered a number of systematic problems and had difficulty attracting and retaining skilled professionals with management and administrative experience. Due to lack of investment and poor maintenance only 6% of the population received electricity. Most efforts were to supply electricity to the urban areas and not to the rural areas which were falling to Taliban. The Afghan government faced challenges providing security outside of the capital. A major reason was the poor state of the Afghan national police. The result was weak security apparatus that could not establish monopoly of the legitimate use of force within the country. The police was not an international priority after the overthrow of the Taliban regime and they received significantly less money and attention than the army. The Afghan police was needed to help establish order in urban and rural areas, but they were heavily out gunned by the insurgent. The police force was plagued with corruption and lacked semblance of a national police force. Pakistani Dimension Pakistan has played a very strong role in Afghanistan in the last three decades, unfortunately, it has been a very negative role. With the fall of Taliban in Afghanistan, Pakistan lost its political clout in that country but it retained its links with the Taliban and actively assisted insurgency in Afghanistan It was only due to intense pressure from America that Pakistan reluctantly agreed to stop aid to Taliban. However, as it became clear later that Pakistan was not committed to end terror. Pakistan decided to hold talks with the militant leaders in Swat and offered to stop all military actions against them. This further fuelled insurgency in Afghanistan and increased attacks on US and NATO forces. Revival of Taliban Almost five years after the defeat of Taliban regime, there was a resurgence of Taliban in 2006. Their return could be divided into three stages through which the group gradually gained momentum especially at the last stage that started in 2006. The first stage, from 2002 to 2003, had a relatively tangible lull. However, there were some small bombings from time to time. In 2003, the Mullah Mohamed Omar launched a new Jihad council comprising of ten military leaders of Taliban. The group could achieve this essential military restructuring cashing in on the US shift of focus towards Iraq. The second stage, from 2004 to 2005, witnessed a number of remarkable activities and developments in tactics of fighting, types of weapons, and the groups deployment in several areas.The Taliban started to carry out some military operations in daylight and managed to fully control some remote areas of south Afghanistan.The third stage, from 2006 to 2007, marked the overwhelming return of the Taliban. The year 2006 was the bloodiest one since the fall of the Taliban, as more than 4, 000 were killed, including one third of civilians. The British-American council for media security reported in a comparison between the years 2005 and 2006 that there was an increase in the attacks on the NATO forces from 900 in 2005 to 2500 attacks in 2006. One of the major achievements of the Taliban in this period of time was that they managed to run peoples affairs in some southern areas establishing a good network and friendly relationships with the residents of the south. Taliban Strategy. Analysts pointed out that Taliban had established a two pronged strategy in Afghanistan. First to re establish its authority over the southern provinces around its former headquarters in Kandahar and second to destabilize a ring of provinces around Kabul. CHAPTER IV US EXIT POLICY AND LIKELY FUTURE SECURITY SCENARIOS Af-Pak Policy On 23 January,2009, American President Mr Obama announced his Af-Pak policy wherein he stressed that his administration was committed in refocusing attention and resources on Afghanistan. The salient features of his policy were: Appointment of special envoy Mr Richard Holbrooke to Pakistan and Afghanistan to help lead US effort to forge and implement strategic and sustainable approach to the region. Pakistan told to destroy the safe heavens for Al-Qaeda and Taliban in the tribal areas bordering Afghanistan. Deployment of 17,000 additional troops in Afghanistan to improve security situation. The American President had laid out a very bold and responsible policy to counter the resurgent Taliban insurgency in Af-Pak region. However, within a short span of one and half years the American policy has undergone a complete change with President himself laying down the withdrawal plan of ISAF( International Security Assistance Force) and the Secretary of State , Mrs Hillary Clinton stressing the need to reintegrate the insurgents in the political mainstream of Afghanistan. This dramatic turnabout of American plans regards Afghanistan is due to various factors, American Losses. The American or the NATO losses have been increasing and with every passing year the Taliban is becoming stronger and stronger. Even though more and more troops have been deployed and more money pumped in but still the attacks on the ISAF are only increasing. The Taliban tactics have now graduated to frontal attacks on US outposts. US Goals in Afghanistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.There is a profound confusion in America regarding what US goals in Afghanistan ought to be and what the means for resolving those goals should be? The debate is on whether US should focus narrowly on issues of counter terrorism or should they focus on counter terrorism and counter insurgency. It is also being debated whether US should really be engaged in business of state building or can workaround by negotiating with adversaries, the Taliban. These debates in domestic politics are turning against an extended and continuing commitment to Afghanistan. Crisis of Resolution The allies are tired of the Afghan commitment, because they do not understand how the struggle that is going on, in this far away land has an impact on their own security. The urgency that the world felt on 12 September 2001 has weakened with the passage of time. Afghanistan seems too hard, too complex, and too difficult and as the legend goes would continue to be the graveyard of empires. If this is true than why should we and the international community continue to make commitments to a war that by some iron laws of history is ultimately destined to end up in defeat? (d) Crisis of Resources. America is investing heavily in Afghanistan. There is no gainsaying the fact that the commitments to Afghanistan and Pakistan are costly to the US. In 2010, America has committed $65 billion to Afghanistan. If we take into account the aid to Pakistan, the total comes to $85 billion, these are not small commitments. If the lives of troops, wastage of equipment and wear and tear on forces that have been engaged in this theatre are taken into consideration especially at a time when America is in economic crisis itself and the entire world community is struggling with the global crisis, the cost is phenomenal. Many NATO countries are focused on these costs and argue that a way must be found for a quick exit from Afghanistan. This has made the job of US President more difficult. Choices for America The International community and especially America faces two choices for Afghanistan. The first is to invest and endure in Afghanistan and the second is to improve conditions, in order to exit. These are the two strategic choices that US has to contemplate as it talks about the way ahead, as each strategy has a different consequence. Invest and Endure. If US have to carry out this option, then they have to build consensus domestically and internationally on the enduring importance of Afghanistan. All members of international coalition have to commit to the resources required i.e. military, economic and diplomatic institution. This option of invest and endure cannot simply be a military campaign. It has to be an effort to re-constitute societies by changing the counter-insurgency strategy and focusing more on protecting population and minimising collateral damage. Improve and Exit. In case America and other NATO countries decide to improve the conditions in order to exit they will have to adopt a different strategy. The ideological adversaries will not have to be defeated but only kept at bay for sometime inorder to improve conditions. The investments in the institutions, social welfare and democracy would be minimum. Americans have started to realize that military solution is far difficult to achieve as compared to a political solution. They have started saying for quite some time that they want re-conciliation and talks with Taliban if they can lay down their arms. There have been covert contacts with certain Taliban elements, however, it has not produce any results till now. Even President Karzai has realized the precarious state of ISAF and have himself started wooing the Taliban so that his government can last even after the International forces withdraw. . So without clear success how long will American stay? NATO and Afghanistan have recently agreed to fix 2014 as the deadline for troops withdrawal from Afghanistan in a phased manner. They have also clarified that troops can stay in support role even beyond 2014. However, mounting coalition deaths, growing domestic pressure in NATO countries and the increasing differences between Karzai and the west may change the situation. Also, any major military debacle like, a US post being overrun by Taliban or an air crash with significant casualties may immediately catalyze opposition to war. Even the 2012 Presidential elections may require early troop withdrawal in the there is no clear sign of success. Likely Future Scenarios The debate on likely security scenarios emerging in the region post withdrawal of ISAF is gaining momentum in India. Many analysts have generated three plausible scenarios which are likely to emerge post withdrawal of ISAF from Afghanistan. (a) Scenario 1 US withdrawal or draw down of forces Return of the Taliban It is pointed out that in case of a complete US withdrawal, the probability of return of Taliban is not farfetched, thereby condemning Afghanistan to what US analysts describe as the worst case scenario. This would also lead to an emboldening of the Al Qaeda, instability spreading to Pakistan and Central Asia, thus reducing the region to become a base for Al Qaeda operations. (b) Scenario 2- US limited engagement-proxy warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The most probable scenario beyond 2014 is the reduced US presence in Afghanistan with troops limited to protecting key cities, a shift from overstretched counterinsurgency operations to internal defence. This would allow Pakistan to continue its hedging strategy whereby it will continue supporting the Afghan Taliban to destabilise Afghanistan with the eventual goal of reinstating a pliant regime. Scenario 3- US long term commitments -Building on Afghan state. According to the analysts, this is the best case scenario for Afghanistan, though such a state of affairs is highly unlikely given the reduced public support for the Afghan war in the United States. This would call for additional resources including troops to train and partner with Afghan forces and continuation of the institution building programmes. In this scenario, India could play a long term role in the training of the Afghan national institutions, institutional building political, and security and justice sector reforms. CHAPTER V GEO STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF AFGHANISTAN When Allah had made the rest of the world, He saw there was a lot of rubbish left over, bits and pieces and things that did not fit anywhere else. He collected them all together and threw them down on the earth. That was Afghanistan. An old Afghan Saying Geographical Location Afghanistan is a land locked country with Iran to its west, Pakistan to its south and east, China to its north east and the newly independent states of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to its north. Afghanistan covers an area of 245, 000 square miles and is surrounded by two nuclear states, China and Pakistan, a threshold nuclear state, Iran and having three other nuclear powers in its near vicinity, India, Kazakhstan and Russia. This places Afghanistan in a difficult situation with its neighbours as well other regional and non regional powers vying to get a foothold in the country to spread their influence in the region and the subcontinent. It is also the land bridge between South Asia and Central Asia and possibly to Iran as well. Safe Sanctuary for Islamic Fundamentalism Apart from being the land bridge to central Asia, Afghanistan has been a home to the fundamentalist of various hues and colours ranging from the Jihadis from Kashmir to the Uighur separatists. Afghanistan certainly provided a suitable launch pad for such activities in Central Asia, more so when the Taliban was at the helm of affairs. Taliban played host to Al Qaida and its leader Osama Bin Laden The strengthening of links between militant organisations like IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan), Al Qaida, the Chechen rebels, Uighur separatists and the Taliban, further compounded the security situation in the region. Energy Resources in Afghanistan In terms of natural resources, Soviets had estimated Afghanistans proven and probable gas reserves at up to five trillion cubic feet. However, the production has been affected by years of war, and new reserves are yet to be located due to lack of any serious exploration having been carried out for the last 30 yrs or so due to the prevailing situation. The northern areas adjoining Central Asia have proven reserves of natural gas estimated at 100 billion cubic meters, the Jar Quduk oil and gas complex being a case in point. Afghanistan also has an estimated coal reserve of up to 400 million tons located between Herat and Badakhshan. However, due to the situation in Afghanistan, the production has remained low and unless serious efforts are made in the near future, Afghanistan will continue to play its historical role of serving more as a transit route for others than as an exporter of its own resources. Oil and Gas Pipelinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The Central Asian republics hold the key to large resources of energy i.e oil and gas. The landlocked nature of these states imposes inherent constraints in unravell