Ukraine tourism after the First World War free essay sample

Entry After the First World War greatly changed the political map of Europe: in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian imperiums have new provinces with different political and socio-economic amiably. Undergone drastic alterations and geopolitical place of Ukrainian lands. At the Eastern ( Dnieper ) Ukraine established Soviet power Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic ( USSR ) from 1937 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( SSR ) , whose capital was until 1934 Kharkiv. By the Treaty of Riga ( March 1921 ) of Western Ukraine was annexed by Poland ( even earlier, in 1918 p. , Romania occupied Bukovina, Transcarpathia in 1919 was given to Czechoslovakia ) . Therefore 20-30-E pp. in Ukraine were characterized by contradictory procedures and phenomena in all countries of society and the development of touristry as good. Core of Soviet power in the field of touristry in the 20-30-E pp. was to make a public institutional model of touristry, mass engagement of the population in different countries of t ourer activities, beef uping and enlargement of logistics touristry. In the 2nd half of the 30 s pp. Ukraine has taken the first stairss in making touristry substructure. During this period, began to run installations tourers and tourer cantonments in Kiev, Trypillia Kano, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya. Attention is paid to development and hotel direction. 1. Politics ukrainization Tourism Development in Ukraine Politicss Ukrainization, conducted by the Bolsheviks in 1923 1933 pp. , Contributed to national and religious resurgence of Ukraine. Indeed, at that clip there was a strong development of the Ukrainian linguistic communication, instruction, literature, theatre, media, descriptive anthropology, jaunt concern. These procedures took topographic point against the background of outlooks of the Ukrainian clerisy to develop new conditions in the Ukrainian civilization, carry people cognition and instruction. Therefore, Ukrainian creative persons, scientists, traditional knowledge in his work showed high dedication, forfeit, enthusiasm. During the national-cultural resurgence in Ukraine has gained weight touristry and jaunt concern. Adventure considered as an of import tool, a method of educational, cultural, and educational work among the wider population. Excursion concern development support as cultural and scientific community and the Bolshevik authorities of Ukraine, although the undertakings were different. Celebrated scientists, lore Hrushevsky, Shcherbina, I. Hermayze, V. Artobolevskyy, D. Scherbakivskyy, M. Bilyashivsky, S. Rusova and many others laminitiss of tourer and jaunt concern, tried utilizing a broad application Tourss to educate people, to resuscitate its historical memory, to intensify the historical cognition, ballad in the consciousness of the many attractive forces tourers need to continue the past, national-cultural heritage that promote the religious development of people. A cogent evidence of regional revival motion is a tourer and jaunt work in Chernihiv in the 20 s pp. Despite the highly hard political state of affairs ( civil war ) , already in 1919 on the enterprise of local intellectuals in Chernigov at the Union of Educators have a Bureau of jaunts. Following, in 1920 it was subordinated to the guiding and exhibition ( ulterior jaunts and museum exhibitions ) portion the structural unit of the provincial Department of Education. Goals, which set a travel bureau, formulated as: give an thought of # 8203 ; # 8203 ; the history of Chernigov, Chernigov outskirts of nature, of economic life, cultural accomplishments in the local life. It worked a few rhythms tours natural history, historical and archeological, literary and artistic, production. At the same clip developed tourer and jaunt paths to Baturin, Lyubech, Sednyeva where, surrounded by beautiful nature myluvaly oculus legion memorials of history and civilization. Since travel bureaus are presently join forcesing on a lasting footing which best scientific potency of Chernigov, known historiographers, archeologists, ethnographers S. Baran-Butovych, V. Drozdov, V. Dubrovsky, B. Pilipenko, V. Shugayevsky. In 1924 circuit desk made subservient Chernihiv Historical Museum, wh ich will shortly absorbed it as a separate construction. In 1931, the cast of the Ukrainian Committee of Cultural printed usher is designed for tourers in Novgorod-Seversky State Reserve, in the freshly created local a August 6 Monastery. 2. Museum of local traffic as a sort of jaunt Local traditional knowledge acquired motion spread to other parts of Ukraine However, the Bolshevik authorities and party variety meats have non set a end to continue for future coevalss, the Cossack grave and churches on the Dnieper. They sought to utilize touristry and jaunts as a tool of ideological influence on the population to organize a socialist consciousness, the beliefs of people of the advantages of the socialist system. Excursion work defined one of the major webs in political instruction and instruction of the multitudes and occupied an of import topographic point in the cultural development of the state. Constitution of state-level execution has required centralised direction jaunt bureaus to their institutional and fiscal strengthening. Therefore, there was an nonsubjective demand for them together in one cultural-economic composite. The procedure of creative activity of tourist-excursion took topographic point in phases, with the debut of assorted signifiers of direction and ordinance of dealingss with higher governments. Almost 20 old ages touristry and rubber-necking activities in Ukraine organized the undermentioned construction: Excursion and Exhibition and Museum Department Commissariat USSR ( Eumenes, 1919-1928 ) , Ukrainian mixed installations for medium category circuit company ( UMPET, 1928-1929 ) , Joint Ukrture ( 1926 -1930 ) . Tours widely used larning procedure of a new labour school and school instruction, it was given great importance as an effectual agencies of proletarian instruction and communist instruction of the multitudes. Since 1919 in non-school section Comm issariat USSR begins work Excursion and Exhibition and Museum Section. With its creative activity took the chance to form a individual centre consolidation and coordination of all jaunts in Ukraine and widely deploy it at the province degree. This subdivision began to run in many provincial sections of instruction. For illustration, Section Eumenes Odessa hubnar instruction instantly organized a circuit desk. From 1920 p. , after reorganisation of the out-of, tour started on the right topic to the Central Committee of the political instruction of the democracy. The Committee has directed its activities chiefly on a individual web organisation politustanov USSR. The determination was approved at the Committee Meeting of propagandistic political instruction ( 1922 p. ) . It has greatly contributed to the creative activity of tourer and jaunt installations. Harmonizing to the theses and declarations of the Meeting, Eumenes developed its proviso of tourer and sightseeing installations in all territorial and administrative countries counties, territories, states and others. Depending on the work load, location, they were divided into paragraphs Tourss, jaunts base jaunt commune. All this construction accomplishes tour base circuit and All commune. The chief undertaking of this construction of toure r and jaunt installations was the fact that by forming the work in topographic point, expand it throughout Ukraine. Excursion points opened in distant towns and small towns in nines industry, silbudah. Excursion base in topographic points rich in historical memorials, every bit good as attractive climatic conditions. Excursion commune in the county, provincial and regional metropoliss. They led the work of tour points and bases by seeking the most effectual usage. In ekskurskomunah were: guiding and exhibition suites, libraries, research labs for research stuffs gathered during the circuit, a workshop for piecing them into museum pieces, inns for tourers and excursionists. In ekskurskomunah was a important work force: the caput of the commune, the caput of the museum, research lab teachers, workshops and library Tourss organiser and leader, caput of the residence hall. Entire jaunt was two-stage web Eumenes. The first phase the centre of mass jaunt of that operated in rural places, the 2nd taking establishments of provincial, regional and countrywide significance. Therefore, the system of tour er and jaunt based establishments on the footing of strong internal communicating and perpendicular direction strategies. The activities and beef uping independent of its enlargement, opening new installations tour. This procedure is particularly active after the acceptance in 1922 of the Code of popular instruction, in the 2nd subdivision, which individually considered the issue of organizing a web of jaunt. So, if in 1923 the section of Kharkiv Eumenes hubpolitosvity operated ekskurspunktiv 1930, the lone one coverage period 1923-1924 pp. they opened 30 more. The web besides included many Eumenes ekskursbaz who worked for big endeavors and establishments, which frequently conducted Tourss. Merely in Kharkov them there were 39. Excursion and Exhibition and Museum nay section for the about decade-long activity laid the foundation of the province of touristry and rubber-necking installations, and created all the requirements for their farther development. A demand for this was highly big for the terminal of 20 s pp. characterized by a crisp rise in tourist-excursion motion, which had non merely organized but besides self-generated signifier. Current Tours establishments could no longer run into the demands of everyone to take portion in tourer travel, their paths were laid non merely for Ukraine but besides in the Union. Significantly increased ekskursbazah welcome tourers. So, for the farther development of tourer and jaunt concern had to concentrate it in the new construction that would cover merely jaunt concern development. Remember that Eumenes, in add-on to jaunts, exhibitions and managed as museums. So in 1928 at the enterprise of People s Comiss created a new construction Ukrainian assorted installations for medium category circuit company ( UMPET ) or the Tour Company. Sovnarcom USSR Central Executive Committee and in 1929 adopted a declaration on the publicity work UMPETu. It was noted that UMPET has become a prima centre jaunt truly work in Ukraine. UMPET began to quickly spread out its operations, utilizing all the economic and methodological potency, which was accumulated Eumenes Commissariat Department. The basic way of his work lies in farther development of web fac ilities tour. For practical actions in this respect, the importance was the acceptance of Regulation and RNA USSR Central Executive Committee from August 28, 1928 on the dismissal of republican and local revenue enhancements Ukrainian assorted ration companies. It opened before UMPETom important chances for rapid institutional and economic development. After all privileges extended to all subdivisions, offices, bureaus, Tourss Base Society, organized at his eating house closed, conveyance, sightseeing bases at booths for sale methodical and local history books and industry equipment for touristry. And in his first tourer season 1928 1929 pp. UMPET from February 16 to October 1, 1929 increased its capital to 59 800 rubles. The development of tourer and jaunt concern and determined those privileges that are granted to participants of jaunts and trips. Comparative analysis of pay workers and the monetary value of the license indicates that the economic state of affairs in Ukraine in the 20 s pp. was hard, and therefore the material chances of workers were low. their wages in 1925 -1926 pp. amounted to 44 rubles 80 kopeks. in 1926-1927 pp. 54 rubles 58 kopecks. , 1927 1928 pp. 61 rubles 70 kopeks. Monetary values for licenses were different, depending on distance, length of path. For illustration, the Volga boat trip for 12 yearss cost 58 rubles, in Crimea for 10 yearss 38 rubles, a circuit along the Kyiv Dnipro Dniprelstan for 11 yearss cost 24 rubles, Donbass Dniprelstan Krivorizhzhya for 12 yearss 30 rubles. So, before the regulating organic structures of touristry and jaunt concern had a end to assist convey the cost of trips to the material possibilities of the working category, peasantry and discipleship. The inquiry of privileged tourers bit by bit solved, albeit with great trouble. Yes, the budget Commissariat USSR in 1926-1927 pp. was envisaged to apportion 30 000 rubles for jaunts among the pupils and robitfahivtsiv, 3000 rubles among the provincials. For illustration, in work outing the issue of privileged schools, secondary and higher instruction establishments supported by such a papers: Instruction manuals on the usage of jaunt menu duty set by Resolution Committee NKSHS ( People s Commissariat of Railways ) on June 28, 1923 Valuable was the fact that, harmonizing to the instructions, the applicable menu for rail and inland waterway conveyance in 75 % of her pupil price reductions for tour groups of all educational establishments was a valid and preparation for research workers and research establishments. Each Holovko Commissariat was responsible representative to apportion concessional fund for distribution among the circuit groups subordinate establishments. To have discriminatory certifications tour organiser had to subject to the Commissariat a written statement saying the purpose trips, the figure of tourers ( pupils and instructors individually ) with a nominal list, the names of all points of Michigans and continuance of each halt, conveyance, use the group going day of the month and clip return group. Obtained in the Commissariat certification to obtain tickets at reduced menu in hard currency predyavlyaly with voucher, stamped Commissariat and the Central Finance Department. On the discriminatory ticket prostavlyaly ticket figure and license figure. Discriminatory duty provided jaunt group of at least 10 pupils and 5 instructors and research workers. Duration of circuit should non transcend two months. Allowed to do four long halt. Harmonizing to the Regulations on the usage of privileged jaunt menus from August 3, 1928 p. , each certification to be given per individual. Talon and certifications can be used merely for individual trips. To utilize concession tickets expedient, it was recommended to carry on long-haul trips. Using privileged jaunt tickets became more active, and in 1927 the People s Commissariat of Education was able to administer them to school territories for public instruction, instructors colleges, parttime workers colleges, agricultural schools. 3. Discriminatory policies tourer and jaunt activities ukraine resurgence jaunt tourer Introduction of discriminatory policy and promoted the acceptance by the Council of People s Commissars of USSR governing on the operational programs of the USSR People s Commissariat of Education in 1927 1928 academic twelvemonth. The declaration, in peculiar, celebrated the great multitudes train grownups and young person in cultural and educational Tourss and harmonizing to this determination was taken: draw on the work of jaunt installations and increase the figure of concessional tickets. In 1929 on the footing of Council of Labour and Defence of the USSR on the distribution of concessional rail tickets for tourer motion in Ukraine was split 49 000 concessional tickets. All grant tickets concentrated in UMPETi released and organisations for their orders for organized Tours. Benefits sightseers provided non merely transit services but besides in abode. They could use for a licence UMPETu, which gave the right to dismiss the monetary value of Ukrainian tourer bases to 33 % on the bases of Soviet tourers up to 20 % . The government construction, including UMPET, put on the usage of inducements as a long and close to, local jaunts. Dnipropetrovsk travel bureau gave sightseers price reduction for travel in ropewaies and coachs. Kharkov travel bureau took in its embarkation tourers to the state even free of charge. It should be noted that the benefits provided for travel by rail autos in general, on ships in the lower categories depending on category, milage, figure of excursionists. Discount tickets can be from 50 to 25 % . Therefore, the discriminatory policy analysis 20-x pp. shows that it was limited, but acted in such hard economic conditions, which allowed to pull the wide multitudes of people into active touristry and jaunt activities. UMPET determine the specific capablenesss of each establishment in footings of sightseeing the most effectual economic benefits. In peculiar he was concerned about bettering the quality of field operations, which significantly helped increase profitableness. For farther branching of the regional field jaunts UMPET opened all new Tourss establishment. Harmonizing to the declaration to the All-excursion meeting of 30 in September 1928 on the consequences and chances of UMPETu, merely he was given the first right to form and construct a sightseeing base. The determination was made with the purpose of concentrating economic constituent jaunt concern in one construction. The primary undertaking of the Society was the maximal cove rage of tourers on jaunts ekskursbazah in all parts of the state. To make this, planned to split Ukraine into 20 territories with the assignment in each of them authorized the Company. Based on the existent economic state of affairs in Ukraine, UMPET organized as unit community that was being supported by equity parts from the regional instruction governments. He spent a great occupation to pull the widest possible sections of the population to take part in the Company. However, limited fiscal resources were non given chances to garner the needed figure of units for the building of new circuit bases. Organizational formation UMPETu carried out within a really short clip, which was due shortly response edifices and belongings: transferring ekskursbaz was held from November 15 to December 1, 1928 p. , and their readying for the new tourer season was completed by April 1, 1929, nevertheless, despite all troubles, ekskursbazy in the first twelvemonth began to run in Kharkiv, Kyiv, Dnipr opetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya, Dniprelstan, Odessa. Gradually ekskursbaz web grew, covering other metropoliss of Ukraine Donetsk, Nikopol, Donetsk, Berdyansk, Sumy, Poltava, Uman, Vinnitsa, Kamianets-cording Podolsky. Ukrainian tourer opened outside Ukraine: in Moscow, Leningrad, Alushta, Simferopol, Kerch, Evpatoria, Bakhchisarai Gurzufe, Kutaisi, Nalchik, Makhachkala. During the tourer season 1928 1929 pp. it was already over 40, and by 1931 was planned to open more than 20. Organizational activity UMPETu quickly embraced all the new parts of the Union democracies. To maintain the jaunt web had to work out many economic and fiscal jobs, complete tourer installations the staff, set up the work of libraries, research labs, etc. turn overing points. There were some troubles and the common colonies between regulating tourer bureaus of Ukraine and other Soviet democracies on the district of which worked ekskursbazy. Therefore, Ukrainian circuit company acted in 1929 with a proposal to make an all-USSR jaunt council whose members would all Tourss of the Union. Presidency of the Council had such exercising general direction of all jaunt allied organisations coordinate their activities. UMPET even rais ed the issue to the constitution of the Council no longer necessitate to construct ekskursbazy outside Ukraine. This would let pay more attending to developing this jaunt concern in Ukraine. UMPET considered necessary to form the All-Union Joint Stock Company with its members on equal footings to all included Tourss of the Union. It should be noted that this was merely about koordynuvalnu function of the company. In the same period in the RSFSR launched readyings for a new company, which was called the Association of Proletarian Tourism. However, the ultimate end of his organisation differs from the proposed UMPETom. It was non to fall in on equal footings, and the full accession to it of all republican administration constructions, their meeting with the subsequent surcease of self-employment. In this respect, was programmed in progress of the Society of proletarian touristry RSFSR sole rights to pull off touristry and jaunt concern in the Federal degree. Such a extremist restructuring of touristry and sightseeing installations reflect the policy of centralisation of direction, which intensified in all countries in the USSR, which is progressively turned into a unitary province. From November 1929 to work officially starts Society of Proletarian Tourism RSFSR. The company began to open subdivisions and offices in Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Dagestan and other democracies. So, in 1930 and reorganized UMPET jaunt concern in Ukraine began to pull off the proletarian touristry company, more exactly, his office Ukrture, which was officially approved at a meeting Sovnarkoma USSR. Since so, touristry in Ukraine has become an built-in portion of touristry in the USSR, has lost its face, pidporyadkuvavsya all cardinal establishments and ordinances.